Technological and Environmental Transformations

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Period 1

• Technological and Environmental Transformations
• to 600 BCE

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Key Concept 1.1

• Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

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Origins of Early Humans

• Early human development during the Paleolithic
  Period
• Origins in Africa
• Hominids
• Anatomically modern humans
• develop about 150,000 years ago
• Begin migrations

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Lucy http//www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v
2/n2/they-love-lucy
http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2c
Humanevop2.sht ml
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Settlement of Australia Approximately 60,000
BCE Settlement of Eurasia Approximately 50,000
BCE Settlement of Americas Approximately 14,000
BCE
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Life in the Paleolithic Period

• Hunting-foraging
• Nomadic
• Small groups based on bonds of kinship
• Relatively Egalitarian
• Adaptation to local environment
• Development of stone tools
• Use of fire for cooking, warmth, and deterring
  predators

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Life in the Paleolithic Period

• No written language
• Evidence of culture seen in cave paintings,
  artifacts, and human remains
• Evidence of primitive, simple religion
• Lack of developed material culture
• hunter-foragers did interact with each other and
  engage in exchange of ideas and goods

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Key Concept 1.2

• The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural
  Societies

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The Neolithic Revolution

• Neolithic New Stone Age
• Began approx. 10,000 years ago
• Use of stone tools for agricultural production
• Most likely the result of climate change
• Domestication of plant and animal species
• See map on page 9 in textbook
• First began in the Eastern Mediterranean

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http//huberb.people.cofc.edu/ANTH2010120Huber's
20Introduction20to20Anthropology.html
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Neolithic Revolution

• Gradual process and dependent upon the geography
• Not all societies develop agriculture
• See map on page 9 of textbook.
• Agricultural centers emerged in
• Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, Sub-Saharan
  Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River,
  Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsCMhRwMrLoY

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Pastoralism

• Emerged in grasslands (steppes)
• Central Eurasia and parts of Africa
• Animal husbandry
• Mobile lifestyle
• Wealth measured in livestock

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Life in Agriculture Communities

• Greater degree of complexity and cooperation
• More reliable food sources
• Population densities increase
• Permanent settlements
• Religion becomes more complex
• Some matrilineal, others patrilineal
• Trade developed between and among early
  agricultural settlements

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http//www.americanneopaganism.com/ancientpagantim
eline.htm
http//howardbloom.net/reinventing_capitalism/
http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Catal_Hu
yuk
http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/ImageCa
talHoyukSouthArea.JPG
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Impact on the environment

• Dramatic impact on the environment
• Erosion
• Clearing of forests for farmland
• Desertification
• Overgrazing of pastureland

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Impact of Neolithic Revolution

• Increase in human population
• Increase in disease
• Craft specialization
• Social Stratification
• Patriarchy

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Development of new Technologies

• Technological innovations were developed to
  improve agricultural production, trade, and
  transportation
• Key examples
• Pottery
• Plows
• Woven textiles
• Metallurgy
• Wheels and wheeled vehicles

http//www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/pottery.
htm
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Key Concept 1.3

• The Development and Interactions of Early
  Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

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Rise of Civilization

• Core and foundational civilizations emerged in
  the following
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
• Shang China
• Olmec
• Chavin

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http//www.unionparishschools.org/rivervalleyciv/i
nterest.htm
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Mesopotamia
http//www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images
2/mapane.jpg
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Egypt
http//www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/images/
map_e1_l.gif
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(No Transcript)
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Indus River Valley Civilization
http//www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/indus.php
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(No Transcript)
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The Yellow River Valley CivilizationShang Dynasty
http//www.chinahighlights.com/image/map/ancient/s
hang-dynasty-map1.gif
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(No Transcript)
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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileChavin-small.png

http//theresaclarkintdis4.blogspot.com/2009/09/we
ek-6.html
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(No Transcript)
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State Building

• State a sovereign political entity which
  contains a stable population, defined territory,
  and established government
• Control over larger territory, population, and
  resources
• Divine Right
• Military

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Competition and Technology

• Competition for land and resources
• Geography
• Bronze
• Iron
• Horses
• Chariots
• Composite bows

http//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hyksos.aspx
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Architecture and Urban Planning
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Arts and Artisanship
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Systems of Record Keeping
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Law Codes
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• Writing systems are believed to have emerged out
  of a need for record keeping. As societies
  became more complex and civilizations grew, there
  came about a need to keep formal records..
  Either way, most, BUT NOT ALL, early
  civilizations developed some sort of writing
  system. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed
  the worlds first writing system when they
  created a system known as cuneiform.

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• Law codes became essential with the growth of
  civilization. Laws were used to keep society
  orderly and provide a system of justice. The
  best known law code of the time is that of
  Hammurabi. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon.
  His law code is an important historic source
  because it helped to pioneer the idea of justice
  and rule by law. However, his law code was based
  upon a system of inequality in which punishments
  were based upon social status.

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Religion

• Polytheism Belief in many gods
• Most common
• Vedic Religion becomes basis of Hinduism
• Monotheism Belief in one god
• Hebrews
• Zoroastrianism (Persian Empire)

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Trade

• Local, regional, and transregional trade
• Exchange of goods, cultural ideas, and technology
• Examples
• Egypt and Nubia
• Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley