Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under - Charlemagne

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Medieval Europe

• Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under - Charlemagne

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Middle Ages

• Also known as the Medieval Period
• Period from 500 to 1500.
• New institutions emerge to replace the Roman
  Empire.

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Invasions Trigger Changes in Western Europe
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Disruption of Trade

• Merchants faced invasions form land and sea.
• Businesses collapse.
• European cities trade destroyed.
• Money becomes scarce.

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Downfall of Cities

• Cities are abandoned as centers of trade.
• Cities collapse in size

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Population Shifts

• Nobles retreat to rural areas.
• No leadership in cities.
• City dwellers move to the countryside and grow
  their own food.
• European population becomes rural.

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Decline of Learning

• Germanic invaders were illiterate, had no
  written language.
• Few people other than priests were literate.
• Knowledge of Greek language was almost lost.

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Loss of a Common Language

• As Germans mix with Romans, Latin changes.
• By 800s, French, Spanish and other languages
  evolved from Latin.

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Germanic Kingdoms Emerge

• From 400-600 Germanic kingdoms replace Roman
  provinces.
• The Church survives the change and provides
  stability.

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Concept of Government Changes

• Romans were loyal to the government and the law
• German society was held together by personal
  loyalties and family ties.
• Romans lived in large cities, Germans lived in
  small towns.

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Concept of Government Changes

• Germanic warriors were led by a chief who gave
  them food, weapons and treasure. They were
  fiercely loyal to him and considered it a
  disgrace to outlive him in battle.
• They felt no obligation to a king they didnt
  know.
• The emphasis on personal loyalty made it
  impossible to establish orderly government over a
  large area.

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The Franks Under Clovis

• Franks held power in Gaul (Modern France).
• Their king, Clovis would eventually bring
  Christianity to this region.
• Clovis was converted to Christianity by his wife,
  Clothilde.
• In 496, Clovis asked the Christian God to give
  him victory in battle.
• After the victory, Clovis and 3000 of his men
  were baptized.

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Concept of Government Changes

• The Church in Rome supported Clovis.
• By 511, Clovis had united the Franks, making the
  kingdom the largest and strongest in the area

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Germanic Peoples Adopt Christianity

• By 600, the Church had converted many Germanic
  people.
• Missionaries also spread Christianity.
• In southern Europe, fear of attacks by Muslims
  also motivated people to become Christians.

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Monasteries Convents

• Became Europes best-educated communities.
• Monks lived in Monasteries
• Nuns lived in Convents
• Opened schools, maintained libraries, copied
  books (preserved Roman knowledge)

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• Who were the most important people in Germanic
  tribes?
• How does society change after the fall of Rome?
• Why is Clovis important?

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Clovis Descendants

• By 700, the major domo, or mayor of the palace
  had become the most powerful person in the
  kingdom.
• Officially in charge of the royal household and
  estates.
• Unofficially commanded armies and made policy.
• In effect, the major domo ruled the kingdom.

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Charles Martel

• Nicknamed The Hammer.
• As major domo, he held more power than the king.

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Charles Martel

• Extended Frank rule to the north, south and east.
• Defeated a Spanish Muslim raiding party at the
  Battle of Tours in 732.

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Battle of Tours - 732

• Halted the Muslim conquest of Europe.
• Won by Charles Martel.
• The battle made Martel a Christian hero.

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Pepin the Short

• Son of Charles Martel.
• Inherited position of major domo upon the death
  of his father.
• Wanted to become king.
• Cooperated with the Pope, helped when Lombards
  threatened Rome.
• Pope appointed Pepin king by the grace of God

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Carolingian Dynasty

• Started by Pepin the Short.
• Lasted from 751 to 987.

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Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule

• Pepin the Short died in 768.
• Left the kingdom to his sons, Carloman and
  Charles.
• Carloman died in 771.
• Charles seized control of the entire kingdom.
• Charles is known as Charlemagne, or Charles the
  Great.

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Charlemagne

• Built a larger empire than any since Rome.
• Each summer he fought the enemies that surrounded
  the kingdom.
• Defeated Muslims in Spain.
• Fought other Germanic tribes.
• Conquered new lands in the south and east.
• Greatly spread Christianity.

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Charlemagne

• United western Europe for the first time since
  the Roman Empire.
• By 800, his empire exceed the Byzantine Empire.
• 2/3 of Italy.
• All of France.
• Part of Spain.
• All of German Saxony.

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Holy Roman Empire

• Began in 800 with Charlemagnes coronation.

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Pope Leo III

• Crowned Charlemagne emperor after he traveled to
  Rome to defeat a mob that had attacked the Pope.
• At the coronation, a European king also became
  Roman Emperor.
• The power of the Church and Germanic power were
  combined.

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Charlemagnes Government

• Limited the authority of the nobles.
• Sent out agents to make sure Counts (powerful
  landowners) governed justly.
• Charlemagne visited every part of his kingdom
  regularly.
• He judged cases, settled disputes, rewarded the
  faithful.
• Kept a close watch on his large estates, the
  source of his income.

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Cultural Revival

• Charlemagne encouraged learning.
• Surrounded himself with scholars.
• Opened a palace school for his children and
  others at court.
• Opened monastic schools to train monks and
  priests.
• Expanded monastic libraries.

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Charlemagnes Weak Heirs

• Charlemagne crowns his son Louis the Pious in
  814, one year before his death.
• Louis was not a good leader.
• Louiss sons, Lothair, Charles the Bald, and
  Louis the German, fought each other for control
  after their fathers death.

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Treaty of Verdun

• Ended the civil war in 843.
• Divided Charlemagnes Empire into three kingdoms.
• Carolingian kings lost power.
• Led to a new system of governing and landholding.

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