The Crusades

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The Crusades

• Feudalism

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The Crusades

• A series of holy wars between Christians and
  Muslims for control of the holy land of Jerusalem

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• 1076 Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and began to
  restrict access of Christian pilgrims to the holy
  places.
• 1095 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus,
  threatened by Muslim advances towards
  Constantinople, appealed to the pope for help
  against the Seljuk Turks. Pope UrbanII proclaimed
  a holy war.

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• 109699 First Crusade, led by Baldwin of
  Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Peter the
  Hermit. Motivated by occupation of Anatolia and
  Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks.
• 1099 Capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders,
  accompanied by looting and massacre. A number of
  small crusader states established on the Syrian
  coast.
• 114749 Second Crusade, led by Louis VII of
  France and Emperor Conrad III, failed to capture
  Damascus and Edessa.

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• 118992 Third Crusade, led by Philip II Augustus
  of France and Richard I the Lion-Heart of
  England, failed to recapture Jerusalem.
• 120204 Fourth Crusade, led by William of
  Montferrata and Baldwin of Hainault. Originally
  intended to recover the holy places, it was
  diverted by its Venetian financial backers to
  sack and divide Constantinople.

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• 1212 Children's Crusade.
• Thousands of children crossed Europe on their way
  to Palestine but many were sold into slavery in
  Marseille, or died of disease and hunger.

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• 122829 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman
  emperor Frederick II. Jerusalem recovered by
  negotiation with the sultan of Egypt.
• 1244 Jerusalem finally lost, to remain in Turkish
  hands until liberated by the British general
  Allenby in 1917.
• 124954 Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX of
  France.
• 127072 Eighth Crusade, also led by Louis IX of
  France.
• 1291 Acre, the last Christian fortress in Syria,
  fell to the Turks.

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Krak des Chevaliers, Syria
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The 10th Crusade - 2003?

• This is a new kind of a new kind of evil. And we
  understand. And the American people are beginning
  to understand. This crusade, this war on
  terrorism is going to take a while.
• September 16. 2001

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The Green Zone
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The Green Zone
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The 10th Crusade - 2003?
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Causes

• Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened
  Constantinople
• Byzantine Emperor calls for help
• Pope appeals to Christian knights
• knight feel religious zeal and want land, riches,
  and adventure
• Italian cities desire commercial power

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Effects

• Byzantine Empire is weakened
• Popes power declines
• power of feudal nobles weakened
• kings become stronger
• religious intolerance grows
• Italian cities expand trade and grow rich
• Muslims distrust Christians
• trade grows between Europe and Asia
• Europeans adopt Muslim technology