East Meets West

1
East Meets West

• The Crusades

2
Causes Adventure

• After Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and
  Magyars there was an entire class of warriors who
  now had very little to do but fight amongst
  themselves and terrorize the peasant population.
• A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor
  Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus
  appealed to their sense of adventure.

3
Causes Religious Piety

• Intense Religious Piety
• Due in part to the Investiture Controversy (a
  significant conflict between secular and
  religious powers over the issue of who would
  control appointments of church officials).
• People became personally engaged in the dramatic
  religious controversy
• The Results
• Intense Christian piety
• Public interest in religious affairs
• Popular support for the First Crusade
• The religious vitality of the 12th century

Emperor Henry IV at the Feet of Pope Gregory VII
4
Causes Papal Politics

• Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
• Cluniac (Benedictine) reform caused the church
  in the West to be more attentive to business and
  provided impetus to attempt to reassert control
• The Great Schism, 1064, wasa division of
  Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman
  Catholic. The primary cause wasa dispute over
  papal authority.

5
Causes European Expansionism

• In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the
  Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated England and
  brought unity and strength to that country.
• After the capture of Toledo from the Moslems in
  1087, it became the residence of the kings of
  Castile and the ecclesiastical center of the
  whole of Spain
• The Normans captured Sicily from the Moslems in
  1091 and paved the way for the unification of
  that country.

6
Causes Muslim Advances

• Events in Moslem World
• The Battle of Manzikert, 1071, resulted in the
  defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of
  the Emperor by the Seljuk Turks (muslims).
• The Byzantines also lost Anatolia to the Turks.
• The Turks disrupted pilgrim traffic.

7
Europe 1000-1100
Adventure
Papal Politics
Religious Piety
Battle of Hastings1066
Expansionism
Muslim Advances
Pilgrimages
8
Call for a Crusade

• Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095
• Objectives
• Drive Turks from Anatolia
• Obligate the Byzantines
• Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on
  Rome's terms
• Capture Holy Land

9
Major Events of Crusades

• First Crusade 1097-1098
• Achieved all major objectivesin Holy Land
• Turkish threat blunted, thoughnot eliminated
• Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been
  held indefinitely with a little skill.
• Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
• Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors

10
Major Events of Crusades

• Second Crusade, 1147-1148
• Military failure, discredits Crusaders as
  military threat
• Third Crusade, 1189-1191
• Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
• Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of
  France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
• Saladin on Moslem side.

11
Major Events of Crusades

• Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204
• Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual
  contempt.
• To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for
  Venetians
• Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204
• Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
• In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines
  preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

12
Major Events of Crusades

• Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219
• Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem
• Moslems agreed
• Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt, were routed
• Sixth Crusade, 1229
• Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and
  a lot of negotiation
• Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the
  other holy cities and a truce of ten years
• He was widely condemned for conducting the
  Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

13
Major Events of Crusades

• Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254
• Led by Louis IX of France
• Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
• Eighth Crusade, 1270
• Led by Louis IX of France
• Louis brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily,
  had strategic plans of his own and diverted the
  expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
• The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
  Palestine fell in 1291
• One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

14
Where else in military history can we find a war
that was won four times and still lost?
15
The Crusades Died Out

• Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
• Repeated military defeats
• Discredited by "crusades" against Christians
  (e.g., Albigensians)

16
Effects of Crusades

• Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
• Vast increase in cultural horizons for many
  Europeans.
• Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
• Need to transfer large sums of money for troops
  and supplies led to development of banking
  techniques.
• Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
• Romantic and imaginative literature.

17
Effects of Crusades

• Knowledge introduced to Europe
• Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and
  stone churches.
• Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
• Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
• Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
• Enrichment was primarily from East to
  West--Europe had little to give in return.

18
References

• Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of
  Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005lthttp//www.uwg
  b.edu/dutchs/WestTechPPT/Crusades.pptgt.
• The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.
  23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.
  24 Sept. 2005lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusad
  esHistorical_backgroundgt.
• The Church and the Crusades." Medieval Crusades.
  24 Sept. 2005 http//www.medievalcrusades.comgt.