Cell Membrane

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Cell Membrane Cell Transport
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What does the cell membrane look like?

• It consists of 2 layers of lipids with their
  tails pointed inward. These lipids are called
  phospholipids. Their heads are hydrophilic
  (attracted to water) and tails are hydrophobic
  (repel water).

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Photograph of a Cell Membrane
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What does the cell membrane look like?

• It also contains several different types of
  proteins, carbohydrate markers, and cholesterol.

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Types of Cell Transport

• Passive Transport- this type of transport
  requires NO energy because particles travel from
  where they are highly concentrated to a low
  concentrated area. They travel DOWN the
  concentration gradient.

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Types of Cell Transport

• Active Transport- this type of transport does
  require energy. Particles travel from low
  concentration to high concentration. In other
  words, they move AGAINST or UP the concentration
  gradient.

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Simple Diffusion

• Requires NO energy
• Molecules move from area of HIGH to LOW
  concentration

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DIFFUSION

• Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no
  energy is used to make the molecules move, they
  have a natural KINETIC ENERGY

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Diffusion of Liquids
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Diffusion through a Membrane

Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to
LOW)
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Osmosis

• Diffusion of water across a membrane
• Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to
  LOW water potential (high solute)

Diffusion across a membrane
Semipermeable membrane
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Diffusion of H2O Across A Membrane
High H2O potentialLow solute concentration
Low H2O potentialHigh solute concentration
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Cell in Isotonic Solution
10 NaCL90 H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
NO NET MOVEMENT
10 NaCL 90 H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
equilibrium
The cell is at _______________.
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Cell in Hypotonic Solution
10 NaCL90 H2O
CELL
20 NaCL 80 H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Cell in Hypertonic Solution
15 NaCL85 H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
5 NaCL 95 H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Cells in Solutions
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Isotonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
NO NET MOVEMENT OF H2O (equal amounts entering
leaving)
CYTOLYSIS
PLASMOLYSIS
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Cytolysis Plasmolysis
Plasmolysis
Cytolysis
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Osmosis in Red Blood Cells
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
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hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
hypotonic
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Three Forms of Transport Across the Membrane
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Passive Transport

• Simple Diffusion
• Doesnt require energy
• Moves high to low concentration
• Example Oxygen or water diffusing into a cell
  and carbon dioxide diffusing out.

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Passive Transport

• Facilitated diffusion
• Doesnt require energy
• Uses transport proteins to move high to low
  concentration
• Examples Glucose or amino acids moving from
  blood into a cell.

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Proteins Are Critical to Membrane Function
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Types of Transport Proteins

• Channel proteins are embedded in the cell
  membrane have a pore for materials to cross
• Carrier proteins can change shape to move
  material from one side of the membrane to the
  other

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Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules will randomly move through the pores in
Channel Proteins.
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Facilitated Diffusion

• Some Carrier proteins do not extend through the
  membrane.
• They bond and drag molecules through the lipid
  bilayer and release them on the opposite side.

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Carrier Proteins

• Other carrier proteins change shape to move
  materials across the cell membrane

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Active Transport

• Requires energy or ATP
• Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration
• AGAINST concentration gradient

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Active transport

• Examples Pumping Na (sodium ions) out and K
  (potassium ions) in against strong concentration
  gradients.
• Called Na-K Pump

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Sodium-Potassium Pump
3 Na pumped in for every 2 K pumped out
creates a membrane potential
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Moving the Big Stuff
Exocytosis- moving things out.
Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles
that fuse with the plasma membrane.
This is how many hormones are secreted and how
nerve cells communicate with one another.
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Exocytosis
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Moving the Big Stuff
Large molecules move materials into the cell by
one of three forms of endocytosis.
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Pinocytosis
Most common form of endocytosis.
Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle.
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Pinocytosis

• Cell forms an invagination
• Materials dissolve in water to be brought into
  cell
• Called Cell Drinking

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Example of Pinocytosis
mature transport vesicle
pinocytic vesicles forming
Transport across a capillary cell (blue).
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Some integral proteins have receptors on their
surface to recognize take in hormones,
cholesterol, etc.
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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Endocytosis Phagocytosis
Used to engulf large particles such as food,
bacteria, etc. into vesicles
Called Cell Eating
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Phagocytosis About to Occur
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Phagocytosis - Capture of a Yeast Cell (yellow)
by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell
(blue)
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Exocytosis The opposite of endocytosis is
exocytosis. Large molecules that are manufactured
in the cell are released through the cell
membrane.
Inside Cell
Cell environment