Chapter 10 pages 226-247

1
Developmental Psychology Unit

• Chapter 10pages 226-247
• 331-333

2
Notes
PAGES 228 - 230
Developmental Psychology - Study of growth and
changes as we progress through the life cycle.
Physical, Social, Moral, Cognitive
--------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------
Nature -- Genes, Biological Programming
(Maturation the critical period)
vs. Nurture - Environmental Influences, Nutrition
and Learning (tabula rasa - John Locke)
--------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------
Stages (stairs) vs. Continuity (hill)
3
Notes
Does Physical Development occur in
stages? Prenatal Development
1.Germinal Stage - First 2 weeks
2.Embryonic Stage - 2 weeks to 2 months
(pg.230) develops fingers, toes, eyes, ears, a
nose, a mouth, a heart, and circulatory system
3.Fetal Stage - 3rd month to birth
4
Notes
Reflexes

• Rooting Sucking Reflex
• Withdrawal Reflex
• Startle or Moro Reflex
• Grasp or Palmer Reflex
• Babinski Reflex
• Sphincter Reflex
• Sneezing, Coughing, Yawning, Blinking

5
Stages of Child DevelopmentFor each behavior
listed below, guess the approximate age at which
a child performs the behavior.
__________ 9. Grasps the concept of
conservation of number __________ 10. Grasps
the concept of conservation of
volume __________ 11. Begins to understand
simple cause-and-effect relationships ______
____ 12. Plays pat-a-cake __________ 13. Has a
vocabulary of around 1,000 words __________
14. Can sit up with some support __________ 15.
Can walk alone __________ 16. Recognizes
household members
__________ 1. Distinguishes between self and
what is not self __________ 2. Forms social
attachment to primary caregiver __________ 3.
Can dress him or herself alone __________ 4. Can
run, climb, and throw a ball __________ 5. Can
distinguish a sweet taste from a bitter
taste __________ 6. Is toilet trained __________
7. Wants to go out and play with other
children __________ 8. Awareness of object
permanence
6
Stages of Child Development
Answers 1. 1 year
9. 6 years 2. 6 months
10. 11 years 3. 6 years
11. 1-2 years 4. 4 years
12. 9-12
months 5. Newborn
13. 3 years 6.1 1/2 years
14. 4 months 7. 4-5 years
15. 15 months 8. 1 year
16. 3-6 months
7
Piaget
Operating on the Mind
8
Piagets 4 stages
Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 yrs.) Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 yrs.) Concrete Operational (6 to 12 yrs.) Formal Operational Stage (12 to adulthood)
Thinking is displayed in action such as the grasping, sucking, looking schemes. Child gradually learns to discover the location of hidden objects at about 18 months, when the concept of object permanence is fully understood. Beginning of symbolic representation. Language first appears child begins to draw pictures that represent a series of actions in his or her head in order to solve problems. Ability to understand conservation problems. Ability to think in several dimensions or features at the same time. Child can now do elementary arithmetic problems, such as judging the quantity of liquid containers and checking addition of numbers by subtraction Thinking becomes more abstract and hypothetical. The individual can consider many alternative solutions to a problem, make deductions, contemplate the future, and formulate personal ideals and values
9
Piagets 4 stages (1)
Sensorimotor Stage (birth to
2 years)
Thinking is displayed in action, such as the
grasping, sucking, and looking schemes. Child
gradually learns to discover the location of
hidden objects at about eighteen months, when the
concept of object permanence is fully understood.
10
Question
Why does a 1 year old child like playing
peek-a-boo, but a 7 year old child thinks the
game is silly?
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vNjBh9ld_yIo
11
Piagets 4 stages (2)
Preoperational Stage (2 to 6
years)
Beginning of symbolic representation. Language
first appears child begins to draw pictures that
represent things. Child cannot represent a
series of actions in his or her head in order to
solve problems.
12
Piagets 4 stages (3)
Concrete Operational Stage
(6 to 12 years)
Ability to understand conservation problems.
Ability to think of several dimensions or
features at the same time. Child can now do
elementary arithmetic problems, such as judging
the quantity of liquid containers and checking
addition of numbers by subtraction
Cut it up into a LOT of slices Mom, Im really
hungry!
Great Video on Conservation! http//www.youtube.co
m/watch?vYtLEWVu815oNR1
13
Object Permanence and Conservation
14
Piagets 4 stages (4)
Formal Operational Stage (12 years to
adulthood)
Thinking becomes more abstract and hypothetical.
The individual can consider many alternative
solutions to a problem, make deductions,
contemplate the future, and formulate personal
ideals and values.
15
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A SENSORIMOTOR B PREOPERATIONAL C
CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL D FORMAL-OPERATIONAL ___
1. Artificialism ___ 6.
Animism ___ 2. Subjective moral judgements
___ 7. Conservation ___ 3.
Abstract thinking
___ 8. Assimilation of novel stimulation

to ready-made schemes ___ 4.
Object permanence
___ 9. Objective moral judgements ___ 5.
Children emerge as theoretical scientists
___ 10. Reversibility
16
PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Answers 1. B 6. B 2. C 7. C 3.
D 8. A 4. A 9. B 5. D 10. C
17
Piagets 4 stages
Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 yrs.) Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 yrs.) Concrete Operational (6 to 12 yrs.) Formal Operational Stage (12 to adulthood)
Thinking is displayed in action such as the grasping, sucking, looking schemes. Child gradually learns to discover the location of hidden objects at about 18 months, when the concept of object permanence is fully understood. Beginning of symbolic representation. Language first appears child begins to draw pictures that represent a series of actions in his or her head in order to solve problems. Ability to understand conservation problems. Ability to think in several dimensions or features at the same time. Child can now do elementary arithmetic problems, such as judging the quantity of liquid containers and checking addition of numbers by subtraction Thinking becomes more abstract and hypothetical. The individual can consider many alternative solutions to a problem, make deductions, contemplate the future, and formulate personal ideals and values
18
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG MORAL DEVELOPMENT
NO! Its not Austin Powers!
KOHLBERG is holding a CONVENTION on MORALS
19
Question ????
In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer.
One drug might save her, a form of radium that a
druggist in the same town had recently
discovered. The pharmacologist was charging
2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make.
The sick womans husband, Heinz, went to everyone
he knew to borrow the money, but could only get
together about half of what it cost. He told the
druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to
sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the
druggist said, no The husband got desperate and
broke into the mans store to steal the drug for
his wife.(Kohlberg 1969) 1.Should the husband
have done that? 2.Why?
20
Kohlbergs Moral Development stages
21
THE GOLDEN RULE
Do unto others as you would have others do unto
you!
Is this an example of a moral rule of conduct
that is universal?
BUDDHISM Hurt not others with that which pains
yourself.
Hinduism This is the sum of duty do not to
others which if done to thee, would cause thee
pain.
Christianity ALL THIINGS WHATSOEVER YE WOULD
THAT MEN SHOULD DO TO YOU, DO YE EVEN SO TO THEM
FOR THIS IS THE LAW AND THE PROPHETS
ISLAM NO ONE OF YOU IS A BELIEVER UNTIL HE LOVES
FOR HIS BROTHER WHAT HE LOVES FOR HIMSELF
JUDAISM WHAT IS HURTFUL TO YOURSELF DO NOT TO
YOUR FELLOW MAN. THAT IS THE WHOLE OF THE TORAH
AND THE REMAINDER IS BUT COMMENTARY. GO LEARN IT.
22
Examples of Kohlbergs ideas in U.S.
Congressional Debates
The following are actual quotations from U.S.
debates on a resolution supporting the
administrations policy on Iraqs invasion of
Kuwait.
Arguments Against U.S. Involvement
We shouldnt consider warbecause it would hurt
our economy. (1)
because well have more money for domestic
issues (2)
because we dont want to appear too
militaristic. (3)
because war is killing and killing is against
the law. (4)
even though the situation is bad, war is
damaging to people and property and society
agrees that is bad (5)
although atrocities have been committed, it
would be an even greater atrocity to wage war
(6)
23
Examples of Kohlbergs ideas in U.S.
Congressional Debates continued
Arguments For U.S. Involvement
We should consider war because our oil is
threatened(1)
because we can gain security of the oil supply
(2)
because we dont want the world to see us as
weak (3)
because the U.N. has laid down written
resolutions which should be upheld (4)
the situation is extreme enough that societys
rights are threatened and need to be define(5)
Evil is on the march, and it would be morally
wrong to allow it to continue(6)
24
Kohlbergs Moral Development stages
25
KONRAD LORENZ (Time 138) http//www.youtube.co
m/watch?veqZmW7uIPW4
BEGIN SEC.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Harlow's Studies on Dependency in Monkeys (Time -
607) http//www.youtube.com/watch?vOrNBEhzjg8I
26
Erikson
27
Erikson
APPROX. AGE
CRISIS NAME
CRISIS DESCRIPTION
The teenager tries to develop her own separate
ADOLESCENCE
IDENTITY
identity while fitting-in with her friends.
VS.
Failure leads to confusion over who she is.
ROLE CONFUSION
A person secure in his own identity can proceed
EARLY
INTIMACY
to an intimate partnership in which he makes
ADULTHOOD
VS.
compromises for another. The isolated person
ISOLATION
may have many affairs or even a long-term
relationship but always avoids true closeness.
A person who becomes stagnated is absorbed in
MIDDLE AGE
GENERATIVITY
herself and tries to hang onto the past.
VS.
Generativity involves a productive life that will
STAGNATION
serve as an example to the next generation.
Some people look back over life with a sense of
LATER
INTEGRITY
satisfaction and accept both the bad and the
ADULTHOOD
VS.
good. Others face death with nothing but regrets.
DESPAIR
28
A CLOSER LOOK AT ADOLESCENCE
EGO IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
Erikson Stage 5
CONFLICT WITH THE FAMILY
1. Independence
2. Restrictions
3. Sexual Desires
29
SIGMUND FREUD
SOURCE http//ksspaulding.wordpress.com/article/h
uman-development-theory-3smazt4fj02nv-8/
30
SIGMUND FREUD defense mechanisms
DEFENSE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
denial arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeking a second opinion
displacement taking out impulses on a less threatening target slamming a door instead of hitting a person, yelling at your spouse after an argument with your boss
intellectualization avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief
projection placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else when losing an argument, you state "You're just Stupid" homophobia
rationalization supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up the the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance
reaction formation taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme
regression returning to a previous stage of development sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news throwing a temper tantrum when you don't get your way
repression pulling into the unconscious forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety
sublimation acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut lifting weights to release 'pent up' energy
suppression pushing into the unconscious trying to forget something that causes you anxiety
31
SIGMUND FREUD defense mechanisms
DEFENSE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
denial arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeking a second opinion
displacement taking out impulses on a less threatening target slamming a door instead of hitting as person, yelling at your spouse after an argument with your boss
intellectualization avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief
projection placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else when losing an argument, you state "You're just Stupid" homophobia
rationalization supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up the the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance
reaction formation taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme
regression returning to a previous stage of development sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news throwing a temper tantrum when you don't get your way
repression pulling into the unconscious forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety
sublimation acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut lifting weights to release 'pent up' energy
suppression pushing into the unconscious trying to forget something that causes you anxiety
32
LEV VYGOTSKY