Title: Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour Lecture 22
1Psychology 304 Brain and BehaviourLecture 22
2Neurodevelopmental Disorders
1. What neurodevelopmental disorders have been
identified?
3By the end of todays class, you should be able
to
1. discuss the causes, neurological correlates,
and symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders.
4What neurodevelopmental disorders have been
identified?
1. Anencephaly
- Occurs when the anterior neural tube does not
close, resulting in incomplete brain
development. Caused by genetic abnormalities,
folic acid deficiencies, and/or exposure to
neurotoxins.
5Anencephaly Incomplete Brain Development
6Anencephaly Incomplete Brain Development
72. Spina bifida
- Occurs when the posterior neural tube does not
close, resulting in spinal cord defects and limb
paralysis. Caused by genetic abnormalities,
folic acid deficiencies, and/or exposure to
neurotoxins.
- Four forms identified occulta, meningocele,
meningomyelocele (cystica) and myeloschisis.
8Spinal cord (yellow)
Spina Bifida Four Forms
93. Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Occurs when an extra copy of chromosome 21 is
produced. Caused by errors in cell division.
- Associated with abnormal brain development
Abnormal dendrites, simpler and smaller gyri and
sulci, smaller frontal lobes, lighter brain.
After age 30, brain degeneration typically
occurs.
- Accompanied by mental retardation,
abnormalities in internal organs, and altered
facial and body features.
10Down Syndrome Physical Characteristics
11Down Syndrome Physical Characteristics
12Down Syndrome Controversial Craniofacial Surgery
13Neurodevelopmental Disorders
1. What neurodevelopmental disorders have been
identified?