Plant Structure and Function

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Plant Structure and Function
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Whats the Difference?
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What In This Unit

• What makes plant cells work?
• Whats the difference between plant and animal
  cells
• Whats inside of plants cells
• The breakdown of Stems, Roots, Leaves and Flowers

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• For cells in a plant to multiply or enlarge a
  plant must have the following
• Carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, nitrogen,
  phosphorus, potassium and trace elements.

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Plants Animals

• There are basically two differences between
  plants and animals.
• Plant have the ability to make their own food.

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• The second difference is in their respiration.
• Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.

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• Plant Cells

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• Plant cells consist of the following
• Cell Wall non-continuous structure surrounding
  the plasma membrane

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• Vacuole cavity in the cytoplasm filled with cell
  water
• Cytoplasm total protoplasm in the cell except
  the cell nucleus
• Mitochondrion breaks down compounds for the cell

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• Nucleus a small round body that contains the
  nucleolus and chromosomes.

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Plant Tissue Systems

• Meristematic Tissue This is growth tissue where
  cell division and enlargement occur and is found
  near the tips of roots and stem buds.

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Simple Tissues

• Epidermal tissue This tissue is one-cell thick
  and forms the outer layer of flowers, leaves, and
  many types of fruits.

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• Parenchyma tissue This tissue comprises the
  fleshy part of fruits, roots, and tubers.
• Its ,main function is to store food and water.

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Complex Tissue

• Xylem tissue This tissue is called wood in
  vascular plants.
• Its principal functions are to conduct water and
  support the plant

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• Phloem tissue This tissue also conducts material
  in the plant and gives the plant support.
• Its main function is to transfer food from the
  leaves to other parts of the plant

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• Parts of The
  Plant

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The Plant Roots

• The function of the plants roots are to absorb
  nutrients and water from the soil and to anchor
  the plant.
• The root system can makeup 50 of a plants weight.

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• There are two types of root systems soilless
  roots which include aerial (ivy), and
  aquatic(water lily).
• Soilborne roots are classified into tap and
  fibrous roots.

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• Tap roots are those roots which have a long main
  root such as a carrot or pine tree.
• Fibrous roots spread out such as grass

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Parts of the Root

• At the tip is the roots cap, where cell division
  occurs and it pushes down into the soil.
• Root hairs are used to help take in nutrients

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The Plant Stem

• The major function of the stem is to join the
  root and leaf systems.
• Some photosynthesis also takes place in the stem.

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Parts of the Stem

• Node- jointed part of the stem on which leaf or
  flower buds develop
• Internode- major part of the stem between the
  nodes.

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• Axillary Bud- bud found at the leaf axil from
  which flowers and branches arise.
• Terminal Bud- tip or end of the shoot were growth
  takes place.

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• Petiole- is a stem-like leaf structure that
  attaches the leaf to the stem

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Woody Stems

• Outerbark- protects the interior of the plant
  from insects and diseases and excessive heat and
  cold.
• Innerbark- carries food manufactured in leaves to
  the branches, trunk, and roots

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• Cambium- layer of cells between the bark and wood
  where growth is diameter occur and the formation
  of annual rings.

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• Sapwood(xylem)- carries sap from the roots to the
  leaves
• Heartwood- is inactive sapwood which is darker in
  color and gives strength to the plant

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• Pith- is the dark center in the heartwood core.

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Leaves

• Leaves are the food factory of the plant
  producing all food that is used by the plant and
  stored for later use by the plant or by an
  animal.
• Leaves vary in shape and size with most of them
  being flat
• The arrangement of the leaves differ alternate,
  opposite, whorled,

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External Leaf Structures

• The petiole is the stalk that attaches the leaf
  to the stem
• The blade which is the flat part of the leaf
• The midrib which is the large center vein from
  which all veins extend
• The margins which are the edges of the leaf

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Internal Leaf Structures

• The skin of the leaf is called the epidermis
  which is a single layer of cells. The epidermis
  provides protection from water loss.
• The guard cells open and close a small space or
  pore on the underside of the leaf called the
  stoma
• The stoma allows the plant to transpire. This
  gives off moisture and exchange of gases.

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• In the inner part of the leaf are the
  chloroplast. The chloroplast are filled with
  chlorophyll which give the leaf its green color.
• With the use of chlorophyll , minerals, sugars
  sunlight and carbon dioxide the plant goes
  through photosynthesis

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• The formula for photosynthesis is the following
• 6CO2 6 H2O 672 Kcals (light energy) C6H12O6
  (Glucose) O2

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Flower

• The purpose of the flower is the reproduction of
  the plant. This can be done through fruits and
  seed.
• The reason flowers are colorful is to attract
  insects for pollination

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Parts of the Flower

• The sepals are the green leaflike part of the
  flower located at the base and are used to
  protect the flower bud.
• The petals are actually leaves and are the most
  striking part of the flower
• The stamen makes up the male reproductive part of
  the plant. This includes the anther which holds
  the pollen. The filament is the slender stalk
  that holds the anther

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• The pistil is the female reproductive part of the
  flower. This includes the stigma which is sticky
  and catches the pollen, the style which is a long
  tube that carries to the ovary, the ovary is
  where the egg is produced.

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• A complete flower has both male and female parts
• An incomplete flower contains only one of the
  parts