Unit 5: Animal Nutrition

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Chapters 15-17

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Unit 5 Objectives
• Basic understand of nutrients, digestibility,
  evaluation, and composition of feeds
• Knowledge of digestibility in both the
  monogastric and ruminant animal
• Appreciation for nutrient function and
  requirements for growth, maintenance,
  reproduction, and lactation
• Understanding of ration formulation

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Nutrients
• Any feed that functions to support life
• Concentrates and roughages
• What are they?
• What are the differences nutritionally?
• Six basic classes
• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Proteins
• Minerals
• Vitamins

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Water
• Difference between water moisture
• Dry matter
• Most important nutrient!
• Functions
• Metabolic reactions
• Transport nutrients
• Temperature maintenance
• Physical shape of the body (cell contents)

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Carbohydrates
• Found in plant animal tissue
• Simple carbohydrates
• Starch
• Easily digested
• High in energy
• Complex carbohydrates
• Cellulose, lignin
• Energy source
• Present in cell walls

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Fats
• Includes oils
• A.K.A. lipids
• Fats are solid, oils are liquid at room temp.
• 2.25x more energy/lb. than carbs.
• gt100 fatty acids identified
• Linoleic, and a-Linolenic are essential in
  livestock diets
• Precursor of prostaglandins cell structure

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Proteins
• Simple
• Amino acids
• Building blocks of the animals body
• Ex.
• Complex
• Glycoproteins
• Lipoproteins
• Hemeproteins
• Only nutrient class that contains nitrogen
• Ave. 16
• 6.25 multiplier
• N X 6.25 protein

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Essential Amino Acids
• Must be supplemented in the diet
• Feed
• Microbial protein
• Nonessential Amino Acids are synthesized by the
  body
• Various absorption rates
• Egg
• Animal
• Plant

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Minerals
• Chemical elements other than carbon, hydrogen,
  oxygen, nitrogen
• Macrominerals
• Required in larger amounts
• Ex.?
• Important for several major bodily functions
• Micromineral
• Trace minerals, required in small amounts
• Ex.?
• Important for vitamins, hormone synthesis
• Usually work together w/ other nutrients
• Can be harmful in high levels

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Vitamins
• Organic nutrients required for very specific
  bodily functions
• 16 vitamins
• Fat soluble
• A, D, E, K
• Water soluble
• C, B12, B1, Niacin
• In ruminants, these are synthesized by the
  microorganisms

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Feed Analysis
• Proximate Feed Analysis
• Separates feed components into group according to
  feed value
• Accuracy of the analysis is dependent upon
  accuracy of the sample
• Components measured
• Water
• Crude protein
• Crude Fat
• Crude Fiber
• Nitrogen-free extract
• Ash (minerals)

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Determining moisture and/or DM content
• Feed Digestibility
• Amount of a feed that is absorbed from the
  digestive tract
• Great variance
• Measuring digestibility
• Energy Evaluation of Feeds
• Energy is available in any nutrient with carbon
• Carbs., protein, fats
• Driving force in bodily function

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Measuring energy
• TDN
• Not as accurate
• ME
• Very accurate
• NE
• DE
• Calorie (cal)
• Energy required to raise the temp of 1g of water
  1 degree C

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Kilocalorie (kcal)
• Energy needed to raise the temp of 1kg water 1
  degree C
• Megacalorie (Mcal)
• 1,000 kcal or 1,000,000 cal
• Some energy is lost, and therefore not digested
• Feces
• Urine
• Gases
• Heat

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Animal uses energy in two ways
• Maintenance
• Production
• GE
• Amount of heat (cal) released from complete
  burning of a feed (Bomb Calorimeter)
• ME is what the animal actually has the
  opportunity to use
• NE is what is available after energy used for
  consumption, digestion, metabolism (heat
  increment)

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• In diet formulation
• NEm
• NEg
• NEl
• Feeds and Feed Consumption
• Classification of Feeds
• Dry roughages forages
• Hay
• Straw
• Other
• Range, pasture, green forage

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Silages
• Energy Feeds
• gt18 CF, lt20CP
• Protein supplements
• gt20 CP
• Mineral supplements
• Vitamin supplements
• Nonnutritive additives
• Antibiotics
• Coloring
• Flavors
• Medicants
• Etc.

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Nutrient Composition of Feeds
• Goal of nutrient analysis is to predict the
  production capability of a feed
• Tables are an average, true analysis is much more
  accurate
• Composition can vary
• 15 in CP
• 10 in energy
• 30 in minerals

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Digestion Feed Absorption
• Digestion
• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Role is to produce feed particles the can be
  absorbed and used by the body
• Carnivorous, Omnivorous, and Herbivorous animals
• Which is which?

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Carnivores Omnivores are monogastric animals
• One, simple stomach
• Also some herbivores (horse, rabbit)
• Herbivores
• Ruminants
• Stomach compartments

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• The Monogastric Digestive Tract
• Mouth
• Mechanical chewing and swallowing of food
• Salivary Glands
• Esophagus
• Delivery tube from mouth to stomach
• Valve controls opening
• Stomach
• Primary area of reduction in feed particle size

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Small intestine
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Split molecules absorb nutrients
• Large intestine
• Cecum
• Colon
• Absorb water
• Forms indigestible waste (Feces)

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Ruminants
• Rumen
• Fermentation vat
• Papillae
• Bacteria protozoa
• Reticulum
• Aka honeycomb
• Initiate mixing in rumen

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Omasum
• Many folds (manyplies)
• Grinding action?
• Not a lot of digestive responsibility
• Abomasum
• True stomach
• Ruminants can rechew feed already consumed for
  more thorough breakdown of feed particles (Cud)
  known as rumination
• Elimination of gases by eructation

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Digestion in Monogastrics
• Begins in the mouth
• Enzymatic reactions
• Organic catalyst that speeds a chemical reaction
  without being altered by the reaction
• Stomach secretions
• HCl
• Mucus
• Pepsin
• Gastrin

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Mixture and some digestion occurs, resulting in
  Chyme
• Amino acids, fatty acids, and monosaccharides are
  available for absorption
• Two methods of absorption
• Passive
• Molecules diffuse from high concentration area to
  low concentration
• Active
• Engulf molecules in villi, and transport them to
  bloodstream or lymph

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Liver function
• Metabolizes feed particles in bloodstream
• Detoxifies harmful substances
• Digestion in Ruminants
• Fermentation in rumen reticulum
• Microorganisms number in the billions
• Excess are removed with feed movement and killed
  by acid in the abomasum
• Mutually beneficial relationship

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Digestion is the same after feed reaches the
  abomasum
• Microorganisms use starch and sugar for their
  growth and development
• Robs the animal of valuable energy sources
• Produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) which the
  animal absorbs and converts to energy
• Acetic
• Propionic
• Butyric
• Methane gas is released through eructation
• What if this action fails?

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Esophageal groove
• Pathway directing milk to abomasum
• Complete function of digestive tract is not
  complete until
• Sheep 2 mos.
• Cattle 3-4 mos.
• Influenced by feed type
• Energy Pathways
• End products of glucose and fatty acids supply
  body tissues with energy, and become milk fat and
  lactose in the lactating ruminant

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Primary organs and tissues in energy metabolism
• Rumen
• Abomasum
• Small intestine
• Liver
• Blood vessels
• Mammary gland
• Body tissue
• Undigested energy products
• Complex carbos. (lignin) and other (ex. Ketone
  bodies)
• Excreted through large intestine or kidneys

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Protein Pathways
• End products of protein and NPN
• Amino acids
• Ammonia
• Excess formed into urea in liver and excreted in
  the urine
• Some is returned to the rumen
• Synthesized amino acids

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Nutrient Requirements for Body Maintenance
• No gain/loss of weight or production
• High priority for nutrients
• Body tissue repair
• Temp control
• Energy for vital organ function
• Water balance maintenance
• Takes ½ of all ingested feed

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Examples
• Feedlot steers 30-40 for maintenance
• Breeding animals 90
• 100 dairy cow eat 4-5x their daily maintenance
  requirement
• Body size Maintenance
• Increased body size means increased nutrient
  requirement
• But, not at a linear rate

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Nutrient Requirements for Growth
• Occurs when
• Protein synthesis is gt protein breakdown
• Cells increase in number size
• Both
• Building of muscle, bone, connective tissue
• Nutrients needed for growth
• Energy, protein, minerals, vitamins
• Muscle growth is due to protein

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Ca, P, NaCl
• Ca usually plentiful in legume forage
• P plentiful in grain
• I Se
• Deficiency in I results in goiter
• Se deficiency-white muscle disease

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Vitamin D
• Needed for proper use of Ca P
• Can get from sunshine (conversion of cholesterol
  in the skin), unless raised inside
• Vitamin A
• Can be lost during drying in the sun, or extended
  dry storage

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Nutrient Requirements for Fattening
• Storing surplus feed in and around body tissue
• Desirable for quality meat production and energy
  storage
• 2.25x more energy to produce 1 fat as opposed to
  1 protein
• Due to excess
• carbos, fats, protein

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Nutrient Requirements for Reproduction
• 2 categories
• Gamete production
• Nothing above normal maintenance
• Body condition affects fertility
• Fetal growth
• Greatest in last trimester of pregnancy
• Requirements of the fetus are the same as those
  after it is born
• Healthy females can withdraw nutrients from their
  body for the fetus

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Nutrient Requirements for Lactation
• Requires protein, minerals, vitamins, energy
• Protein is greatest
• gt3 protein in milk
• Body protein can be mobilized in deficient times
• Ca P are critical
• Hypocalcemia

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Energy
• Based on amount of milk produced
• Production can be limited by intake
• High producing dairy cow may need 3-4x the energy
  of non-lactating cow of same size
• Why do some cows continue to lose weight?
• What is the ideal forage to concentrate ratio in
  dairy cows?

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Energy Requirements for Work
• Primary requirement is energy
• Regular exercise schedule is necessary for good
  health
• Perspiration removes nitrogenous wastes
• Ration Formulation
• Objective is to economically match the animals
  nutrient requirements with available feeds

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Things to consider
• Palatability
• Physical form
• Other
• Diet Modification to Minimize N P Pollution
• Impacts air water quality

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• N
• By-product of protein digestion
• What does it affect?
• P
• Mineral nutrient
• Will be excreted if fed in excess
• Two concerns
• Volatility of N in the form of ammonia
• Distribution of manure nutrients
• P contaminates surface water
• N contaminates groundwater

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Unit 5 Animal Nutrition

• Unit 5 Assignment
• Chapter 17 review questions
• Pg. 312
• Review next time
• Exam 2 next Tuesday?