?????????????????? (alkane) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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?????????????????? (alkane)

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... - mercaptan ... methyl 2 C2H6 Eth ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ?????????????????? (alkane)


1
403221 ???????????????????????????????????
  • ??. ??. ??????? ???????
  • ??????????? ??????????????
  • ??????????????????????

2
?????????????????? (alkane)
  • IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied
    Chemistry)
  • ????????? (common name)

3
?????????????????????????????????????????
4
  • ????????? (common name)
  • ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????? ????

n-butane
isobutane
n-pentane
isopentane
neopentane
5
  • ???? IUPAC
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

6
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????

7
  • ??????????????????????? 1 ????
    ????????????????????????????????????????????

8
  • ????????????????????????????????????????? 1 ????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????
  • ???????????????????????? 2, 3 ???? 4 ????
    ??????????????????????????????????? di, tri ????
    tetra ??????????????????

3-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylheptane
?????????????????????????? - ????????????????????
?? di_, tri_ , tetra_ - ?????????????? n- ,
sec- , tert- - ??????????? iso, cyclo, neo
9
  • ??????????????
  • ????????????????????????? H ??????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????????????? 1 ????

1-methylethyl
10
1-methylpropyl
2-methylpropyl
1,1-dimethylethyl
2,2-dimethyl-propyl
11
3,4-dimethyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)nonane
12
??????????????????????? (cycloalkane)
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????
    cyclo
  • ??????????????? 1 ????????????????????????????????

isopropylcyclohexane
13
  • ?????????????????????? 1 ???? ???????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
    ???

1,1,3-trimethylcyclopentane
1,1-diethyl-4-methylcyclohexane
14
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????? ????????? cycloalkyl
    ??????????????????????

5-cyclopropyl-3-methyloctane
2-chloro-5-cyclobutylpentane
15
???????????????????????? (alkyl halide)
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????????? ?????????????????????

CH3CH2Cl ethyl chloride
t-butyl bromide
CH2CH-Cl vinyl chloride
Benzyl bromide
16
  • ???? IUPAC
  • ???????? haloalkane ?????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????

2-chloro-4-methylpentane
17
?????????????????? (alkene)
  • ?????????

Isobutylene
18
(No Transcript)
19
  • ????IUPAC
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????? alkene
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????

CH2CHCH2CH3 1-butene CH3CHCHCH2CH3 2-pentene
CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 1-hexene
20
  • ??????????????? ???????????????????
    ????????????????????????????

2,5-dimethyl-2-hexene
6,6-dimethyl-2-heptene
21
  • ????????????? 2 ???????????????????
    ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
    -ene ???? -diene

22
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????? 1 ??? 2 ?????? ??????? ????????????????????
    ????

1-methylcyclohexene
3,5-dimethylcyclohexene
23
??????????????????? (alkyne)
  • ?????????
  • ??????????? acetylene
  • ??????????????????????? H ??? acetylene
    ??????????????????

methylacetylene
ethylacetylene
ethylmethylacetylene
24
  • ????IUPAC
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ? ?????????????????? alkyne
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????

25
  • ????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???? alkene
  • ????????????????????????????????? -yne

26
???????????????????? ??????
  • ??????????? 1 ??????????
  • ????????????????????????? benzene

27
  • ??????????? 1 ??????????
  • ????????????????????????????????????????? IUPAC

28
  • ??????????? 2 ??????????
  • ??? ortho (o)- meta (m)- ??? para (p)-
    ????????????????????????????? 1,2 1,3 ??? 1,4
    ????????

29
  • ???????????????????????????? 2 ????
  • ???????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????? 1
  • ????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????

30
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????

31
????????????????????? (alcohol)
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????????? ??????? alcohol

32
  • ???? IUPAC
  • ???????????????????????????????????? -OH
    ?????????????????? alkanol
  • ??????????? -OH ????????????? -OH ??????????????

33
(No Transcript)
34
  • ?????????????????? -OH 2 ???? ???????? diol ????
    glycol

35
????????????????? (thiol)
  • ????????? -?????????????????? ??????? mercaptan
  • ???? IUPAC -?????????????? alkanethiol
    ??????????? -SH ????

36
????????????????? (phenol)
  • ???????????????????? phenol

37
  • ????????? hydroxy compounds

38
??????????????????? (ether)
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????????? 2 ????????????? O
    ????????????????????????? ether

39
  • ????IUPAC
  • ???? -OR ?????????????????????? alkane
    ???????????? alkoxy

40
  • Cyclic ether
  • ??? cycloalkane ????????????
  • ?????????? O ????????????? -CH2- ??? oxa

41
??????????????????????? (thioether)
  • ????????? -??????????????????????????? S ???????
    sulfide
  • ???? IUPAC -???? -SR ??????????????????????????
    alkane ???????????? alkylthio

42
????????????????????? (aldehyde)
  • ?????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????? -(o)ic acid ???? aldehyde

43
  • ???? IUPAC
  • ???????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????? alkanal ???????
    ?????????????? 1

44
????????????????? (ketone)
  • ?????????
  • ??????????????????

45
  • ?????????????????? 2 ????????????????? CO
    ????????????????????????? ketone

46
  • ???? IUPAC
  • ???????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????? alkanone ??????????????????
    ???????????????????????

47
(No Transcript)
48
??????????????????????????? (carboxylic acid)
  • ?????????
  • ????????????????????? ?????????? -ic acid
  • ???????????????????????? a-, b-, g-, d-

49
(No Transcript)
50
  • ???? IUPAC
  • ??????????????????????????????? -COOH
    ?????????????????? alkanoic acid ??????? -COOH
    ?????????????? 1 ????

51
  • ???? -COOH ????????????????????????????
    -carboxylic acid
  • ???????????? -COOH 2 ???? ?????????????? -dioic
    acid

52
  • ??????????????????????? ????????? anion
    ???????????????????? -ic acid ???? -ate

53
(No Transcript)
54
??????????????????????????????????????
  • Acid chloride
  • ????????????? acyl ??????? chloride

55
  • Acid anhydride
  • ????????? acid ????????????????????????????? ????
    anhydride

56
  • Ester
  • ????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????
    -ic acid ????????????????????????????????? -ate

????????????????????? alkyl
???????????? ??????????????? alkanoate
Alkyl alkanoate
57
(No Transcript)
58
  • Amide
  • ????????? -(o)ic acid ?????????????????????????
    ???? -amide

59
  • ?????????????????? N ???? N-alkyl ????
    N,N-dialkyl ????????????

60
  • Nitrile
  • ??????????????????? alkane (?????????????????
    nitrile) ??????? nitrile ????
  • ????????? -(o)ic acid ????????????????????????????
    ? ???? -onitrile

61
????????????????? (Amine)
  • ?????????
  • ???????????????????????????? N ????????
    ?????????? amine

62
  • ???? IUPAC
  • ???????????????????????? -NH2 ???????????????????
    ? alkanamine
  • ??????? -NH2 ????????????????????
    ???????????????????

63
  • ?????????????????? N ???? N-alkyl ????
    N,N-dialkyl ???????????? alkanamine

64
  • aniline ??????????????? benzene ????????? -NH2
    ??????

65
  • ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????
    -NH2 ????????????????? amino
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