Roots

1
Roots
2
Demography

• Demography is the study of population
  characteristics
• Changing population trends in the UK is an
  important topic for Geographers to study
• Over time our population has changed
  significantly, as it is clear from family trees
  that we look at
• There are many reasons for this changing trend in
  population
• http//www.ancestry.co.uk

3
How do we know that population has changed?

• National scale The UK census goes back to 1801,
  with a good level of detail recorded from 1841.
  Some census data is now available for the public
  to view
• Local scale Church records e.g. births,
  baptisms, deaths and marriages have been recorded
  since the middle ages in UK
• Personal scale Personal recollections of family
  members

4
Your family tree for 5 generations?

• Think about the jobs done by the family members,
  the number of children, migration?
• See p 96 Pearson

5
What has changed population structure

• Since the census in 1901 there have been a number
  of demographic, economic and migratory changes
  have been identified. These include
• Family size
• Population structure
• Migration
• Employment
• Social status and aspirations
• Ethnicity

6
What has changed in the UK since 1901?
Changing factor How this has changed
Family size Population rise from 37m in 1901 to 61 million in 2007. In 2011 it reached 63.2 billion. Even though household size has fallen (small families, gay couples, pensioners and divorcees) life expectancy has risen. This increases extended households.
Population structure UK now has a top heavy population structure. In 1931, just 7 were aged over 65 and 24 under 16. However nowadays it has changed to 16 and 19 respectively. Life expectancy has also risen to 77 (men) and 82 (women) in 2007.
Migration The UK is more mobile now. People now migrate towards settlements with service jobs, generally, towards the south east. 26 of the UK now live in London. Counter urbanisation now exists as well as age selective migrations.
Employment Industrial decline and manufacturing decline have changed where people live and what jobs they are employed in. There's been a move towards white collar service work. See diagram p 122 Philip Allan.
Social status and aspirations Social mobility has increased meaning that more people are moving around, and out of poverty into the middle classes. More people going into further education and into non manual work.
Ethnicity Around 8 of the UK are made up of minority groups. From 1950s a large scale migration from the UKs former colonies and then the expansion of the EU in early 2000 both changed the ethnic make up of the UK. Segregation exists in some districts.
7
(No Transcript)
8
Explaining the pattern of population change

• Birth rates and death rates ultimately control
  population size and structure
• We can think about population change before and
  after the 1970s

9
Before the 1970s

• Population growing due to natural increase
• Death rate falling due to improvements in food
  supply, health and hygiene
• Post war baby boom
• Population grew from 38 million to 55 million
  between 1901 and 1971

10
Since 1970s

• Population increased more slowly
• Most growth now due to immigration
• BR and DR at a fairly low rate
• Family size small, life expectancy rising
• Reports in 2007 suggested that BR was on the rise
  due to child bearing age migrants
• Total population grew from 55 million in 1971 to
  61 million in 2007

11
Demographic Model for the UK from 1700
Stage 1
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
12

• Read p 124-127 Philip Allan

13
Population Pyramids

• These are a great way to show the structure of a
  population
• Particularly plotting them over time

14
A population pyramid for the UK in 2010
15
Fall in Fertility

• During the 20th Century fertility rates fell
• There have been a number of factors that have
  lead to this
• Education about contraception
• Knowing the risks of smoking and drinking during
  pregnancy
• Secularisation decrease role of religion
• Consumerism increased consumption

16
Contraception, abortion and education
Costs and consumerism

• See p 126 Philip Allan

Global connections
Falling births
Womans status, pay and rights
Factors causing changes in births and life
expectancy in the UK
Healthcare, treatment and prevention
Global connections
Longer life expectancy
Hygiene, sanitation and safety
Nutrition, diet and lifestyle
17
Factors that have affected families in UK

• See p 127

18
An ageing population
19
The Greying of British Society

• As weve already talked about, the number of
  people over 65 is growing
• This means we are going to have a higher
  dependent population
• We can work this out with this equation

(Population under 16) (Population over 65)
Dependency ratio
X 100
(Population 15 64)
http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4045261.stm
20
Advantages of greying population Disadvantages of greying population
Voluntary charitable work Spending money on goods and services Earning money and paying tax Bringing wisdom and experience to some sectors Economic costs providing health care, retirement homes and a pension is going to become increasingly expensive (Baby boomers will cost 30 billion a year) Housing shortages due to longer life expectancy Emotional burden
21
Aging population reading and tasks

• P128-130 Philip Allan
• P 99-100
• What are the challenges and benefits of having an
  aging/greying population?
• 15 marks
• P 101 Pearson Questions