Circulation and Immunity

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Chapter 13

• Circulation and Immunity

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I. Blood

• Functions of the Blood
• 1. Blood carries O2 from your lungs to your
  cells and CO2 from your cells to your lungs.
• 2. Blood carries waste products from your cells
  to your kidneys.
• 3. Blood transports nutrients and other
  substances to your cells.
• 4. Cells and molecules in your blood fight
  infections and help heal wounds.

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• Parts of Blood
• 1. Plasma liquid part of blood made mostly of
  water
• a) Nutrients, minerals, oxygen are dissolved
  in plasma so they can be carried to your cells.
  Waste from the cells are carried in plasma.
• 2. Red Blood Cells
• a) hemoglobin molecule that carries oxygen
  and carbon dioxide

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• 3. White Blood Cells (WBC)
• a) fight bacteria, viruses, and other
  invaders of your body
• 4. Platelets irregularly shaped cell
  fragments that help clot blood
• Blood Types
• 1. ABO Identification System
• a) Blood types A, B, and AB have antigens on
  their red blood cells

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Blood Transfusion Possibilities
Type Can Receive Can Donate To




A
A O
A AB
B O
B AB
B
AB
All
AB
All
O
O
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• 2. The Rh Factor
• a) Only Rh can receive Rh blood
• Diseases of the Blood
• 1. Hemophilia plasma in the blood lacks a
  clotting factor
• 2. Anemia the body cells cannot get enough
  oxygen to carry out functions
• (Sickle Cell Anemia)
• 3. Leukemia one or more types of white blood
  cells are made in excessive numbers

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Circulation

• The Heart ( 4 parts)
• 1. Atriums the 2 upper chambers of heart
• 2. Ventricles the 2 lower chambers of heart
• 3. Blood flows to an atrium to a ventricle then
  to a blood vessel

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• Types of Circulation
• 1. Coronary Circulation the flow of blood to
  and from tissues of the heart
• 2. Pulmonary Circulation the flow of blood
  through the heart to the lungs and back to the
  heart
• 3. Systemic Circulation oxygen rich blood
  flows from the heart to the rest of your body and
  carbon dioxide rich blood flows from the rest of
  your body to your heart

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• Blood Vessels
• 1. Arteries carry blood away from heart
• 2. Veins carry blood back to the heart
• 3. Capillaries connect veins and arteries
• Blood Pressure
• 1. Blood Pressure the force of the blood on
  the walls of blood vessels

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• Cardiovascular Diseases
• -Heart Disease is the leading cause of death in
  humans.
• 1. Atherosclerosis fatty deposits build up on
  arterial walls
• 2. Hypertension high blood pressure
• 3. Preventing Cardiovascular Disease
• a) regular checkups, healthful diet,
  exercise, no smoking

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• Functions of the Lymphatic System
• -collects and returns excess water and
  substances to the blood
• 1. Lymph after fluid diffuses into lymphatic
  capillaries
• a) Lymphocytes white blood cells inside
  lymph that help your body defend against
  disease-causing organisms
• b) Lymph nodes bean shaped organs that
  filter out small organisms that have been taken
  by lymphocytes

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Immunity

• Lines of Defense
• 1. First Line Defenses
• a) Skin
• -perspiration contains substances that slow
  pathogen growth
• -skins oil glands and perspiration are
  acidic

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• b) Respiratory System
• -Traps pathogens with hairlike structures
  called cilia
• -Mucus weakens cell walls of some pathogens
• -Coughing and sneezing

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• c) Digestive System
• -saliva
• -enzymes in stomach, pancreas, liver
  destroy some pathogens
• -hydrochloric acid in stomach
• -mucus prevents pathogens from binding to
  inner lining of digestive organs
• 2. White Blood Cells
• a) WBC patrol your body and digest foreign
  invaders

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• 3. Inflammation
• 4. Specific Immunity
• a) antigens molecules in your body that
  dont belong there. Can be separate molecules
  or found on pathogens
• b) antibody protein made for a specific
  antigen. It attaches to an antigen and makes it
  useless.

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• 5. Memory B Cells
• a) remain in the blood to defend against an
  invasion by the same pathogen at another time
• 6. Active Immunity and Passive Immunity
• a) Active Immunity your body makes its own
  antibodies in response to an antigen
• b) Passive Immunity antigens from another
  animals body is introduced into your body

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• 7. Vaccination
• a) Vaccine a form of an antigen that gives
  you active immunity
• b) can prevent a disease but cannot cure it

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Diseases

• Disease in History
• 1. Discovering Disease Organisms
• a) Louis Pasteur realized that microorganisms
  spoiled wine and milk. He thought they also
  caused disease.
• b) Pasteurization process of heating liquid
  to a temperature high enough to kill most
  bacteria

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2. Disease Organism (Pathogens)
Pathogen Diseases




Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Strep Throat
Bacteria
Protist
Malaria, Sleeping Sickness
Fungi
Athletes Foot, Ringworm
Colds, Influenza, AIDS, Measles
Virus
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• Infectious Diseases
• -infectious disease a disease caused by virus,
  bacteria, fungi, or protist, and is spread from
  an infected organism or the environment to
  another organism
• -Vectors are things that spread disease. They
  include rats, birds, dogs, cats, mosquitoes,
  fleas, flies, and humans

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• HIV and Your Immune System
• -HIV human imunodeficiency virus
• 1. AIDS
• a) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• b) Attacks the bodys immune system
• c) Has no cure at this point in time.

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• Fighting Disease
• 1. Ways to fight and prevent disease
• a) Wash wounds with antiseptic and cover them
  with bandages.
• b) Wash body.
• c) Brush and floss teeth.
• d) Exercise.
• e) Good Nutrition
• f) Get enough sleep
• g) Get recommended immunizations
• h) Get annual checkups

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• Chronic Diseases
• -noninfectious diseases diseases that cannot
  spread from person to person
• -many noninfectious diseases are chronic
  lasting a long time
• 1. Allergies overly strong reactions of the
  immune system to a foreign substance
• a) Allergens substances that cause an
  allergic response

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• 2. Diabetes a chronic disease associated with
  levels of inslin produced by pancreas
• -Type I too little or no insulin production
• -Type II your body cannot properly process
  insulin
• -Symptoms fatigue, excessive thirst,
  frequent urination, tingling in hands and feet

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• Cancer
• 1. Causes
• a) Smoking
• b) Carcinogens asbestos, various solvents,
  heavy metals, alcohol, home garden chemicals
• c) Exposure to X-rays, nuclear radiation,
  ultraviolet light from Sun

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• 2. Prevention
• a) Know Early Warning Signs
• -changes in bowel or bladder habits
• -a sore that does not heal
• -unusual bleeding or discharge
• -thickening lumps
• -indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• -obvious change in wart or mole
• -nagging cough or hoarseness

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• b) Good lifestyle choices
• -no alcohol or tobacco use
• -eating healthy diet
• -use sunscreen
• -careful handling of chemicals