1450-1750 The World Shrinks

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1450-1750The World Shrinks
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Big Picture

• Why did Europe become the dominant power during
  this time period?
• b/c they wanted OR technological superiority
• Why did some of the European nation-states
  develop vast empires while others did not?

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Big Picture

• What were some of the differences among the ways
  in which non-European cultures interacted with
  Europe?
• Why?
• What were the consequences?
• Why different degrees of interaction?

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Big Picture

• How did the global economy change during this
  time period?

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Major European Developments

• Transition out of feudalism
• Renaissance
• Humanism
• Decline in power of Catholic Church
• Art Architecture

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C/C Art in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

• Medieval entirely religious
• Flat and stiff

• Renaissance both religious and secular
• realistic

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Major European Developments

• Gutenbergs Printing Press
• Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther1517 95 Thesis
• John Calvin
• King Henry VIII
• Counter RevolutionCouncil of Trent
• End investiture
• Jesuits established

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Protestant Reformation

• Previous skirmishes were about papal political
  authority
• Luthers was about theological and the popes
  religious role
• Paved the way for revolutions in politics and
  science

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Major European Developments

• Scientific Revolution
• Copernicus
• Galileo
• Scientific Method

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Church defends itself on 2 Fronts

• Both the Protestant Reformation and the
  Scientific Revolution challenged the absolute
  authority of the pope.
• Reformation on religious grounds
• Scientific on scientific and mathematical grounds
• Both equally as influential

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Major European Developments

• Enlightenment
• Role of the mankind in relation to the government
• Greatly influenced the framers of the US
  Constitution
• Challenge divine right
• Social contract

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Enlightenment

• Thomas Hobbespeople were naturally evil?need
  absolute monarchy as long as benevolent (social
  contract)
• John Lockeoptimistic view of mankind born free
  w/inalienable rights govt should rule in the
  interest of people bad government should be
  replaced

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Enlightenment

• Jean Jacques Rousseauall men equal and society
  should represent the general will (majority rule)
• Montesquieuseparation of powers
• Voltairefreedom speech and religious toleration
• Enlightened despotsJoseph II of Austria,
  Frederick II of Prussia and the Russians

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Major European Developments

• Exploration Expansion
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Vasco de Gama
• Christopher Columbus
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• ConquistadorsCortes and Pizzaro

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Exploration Expansion

• Technology required
• Sternpost rudder (Chinese)
• Lateen sails
• Astrolabe (Arab)
• Magnetic Compass (Chinese)
• Three-Masted Caravels

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C/C Expansion in the Americas v. Empire Building
Elsewhere

• Romans, Mongols, Muslimseither allowed existing
  cultural traditions or converted to their way of
  doing things
• America the population was wiped out moved in a
  large of new people

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Exploration Expansion

• Encomienda SystemAmerican Feudalism
• Social hierarchy
• Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos
• viceroys
• African Slave TradeMiddle Passage
• Columbian Exchange

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Demographic Shifts

• Aztecs and Incas wiped out
• Huge cities were depopulated
• Europeans moved by the hundreds of thousands
• Millions of Africans were forced to migrate
• Middle Class gets rich with trade

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Commercial Revolution

• Joint stock company
• Banking investing
• Monopoly on a trade good or area
• Middle class
• Mercantilism
• Favorable balance of trade

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Europe

• Spain
• Ferdinand Isabella
• Philip IISpanish Inquisition Armada
• England
• Henry VIIIAct of Supremacy
• Elizabetharts
• James IEnglish translation of Bible
• Charles I?Oliver Cromwell?Charles II

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Europe

• France
• HuguenotsFrench Protestants
• Louis XIVVersailles Sun King
• Germany (Holy Roman Empiresort of)
• Divided
• Thirty Years War 1618Protestants vs. Catholics
  Peace of Westphalia

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Ottoman Empire

• 1450-1922
• 1453 Fall of Constantinople
• Janissariesenslaved Christian children and
  turned them into fighting warriors
• Main expansion under Selim I
• Suleiman I (the Maginficent) didnt focus on war,
  but on art (Golden Age)

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Russia

• Third RomeMoscow
• Ivan III declared free of Mongol rule
• Ivan IV est absolute rule, czar unite and
  expand St. Basils
• Cossackspeasants to settle frontiers
• Time of Troubles
• Michael Romanov 1613
• Peter the Greatwesternization military
• Catherine the Greatincreased serfdom gained
  westward to the Med Sea

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Westernization of Russia

• Peter Catherine are important b/c they
  positioned Russia for engagement with the rest of
  the world, esp the West
• It gained sea access to the West by the Baltic
  and Black Seas
• Cultural access to West
• C/C to China Japan that repelled the West from
  their shores Russia actively engaged

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India

• Babur claimed descend from Genghis Khan Muslim
  defeated Delhi Sultanate and est Mughal Empire
• United entire subcontinent
• Akbarreligious tolerationGolden Age
• Shah JahanTaj Mahal
• Religious toleration ended Europeans arrived
• Est ports in Goa, Bombay Calcutta

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China

• YuanMongols
• Ming
• Zheng He then isolation
• Qing from Manchuria
• Allowed European trade thru ports
• When felt threatened expelled them Canton

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Japan

• Shoguns still ruled emperor a figure head
• 1542 traded with Europe to acquire guns
• Christian missionaries
• 1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu est Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo
  period)strict rule took away power from daimyo
• Caste system (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant)
• National Seclusion Act 1635

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C/C India, China Japan on European Aggression

• Japan reacted most decisively
• China India both allowed trade and occupation
  of ports
• China began to limit under the Manchus
• India was less suspecting and will pay dearly

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What About the Non-European Culture? Why was
their interaction with the West so varied?

• China Japan highly organized fewer Europeans
  there
• Africa was fragmented, but not interested in
  running over b/c could trade easily
• Americas overwhelmed with disease and technology
• Ottoman Empire was limited b/c avoided overland
  trade routes

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What about the Global Economy?

• Sailing diminished need for Asian overland routes
• Mercantilism required dependence on est of
  imperialism married economic and political
  developments
• Joint-stock companies took major economic
  motivation out of the hands of government more
  people had a stake in trade routes and conquests
• B/C the benefits of economic prosperity were
  diffused among a larger group of individuals the
  govt began to lose grip on control