The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• Themes
• Why England and why then?
• A Basic description of the rise of factories and
  the revolution in power.
• What was the impact of the I.R. on people and
  society?
• What were reactions to the I.R.?
• What similarities and differences existed between
  the British I.R. and the one on the Continent?

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The Dual Revolutions

• Industrial Revolution Occurred Before,
• During, and After the French Revolution
• Together they ushered in the Modern Era
• Most historians argue that the I.R. was the
• most significant human development since the
• discovery of farming in 10,000 BC

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• Fun fact
• the ancient Greeks knew about the steam engine,
  but never thought of it as more than a curiosity
• Kids toys
• Some historians have wondered what would have
  happened if the classical civilizations had
  industrialized

Oh, my, god.!
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Theme 1
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
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That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon
Bonaparte
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Economic Factors

• The Atlantic Economy
• 2nd Hundred Years War
• the Navigation Acts
• Asiento
• India and the New World
• All together Capital

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Economic Factors Infrastructure Example canals
no tariffs
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Economic Factors Natural Resources Coalfields
Industrial Areas Manchester and Liverpool
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Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
1800 1 million tons of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 million tons of coal 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
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Economic Factors British Pig Iron Production
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IRON TO STEEL
Fuel (Coal or coke)
Iron
Oxygen pumped in
ImpuritiesOut
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Economic FactorsStable Central Bank of England
and Cheap Finance

• Access to cheap capital is essential for
  entrepreneurs

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Religion

• Protestantism work ethic
• Ok to seek personal wealth

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Agricultural Factors
The Enclosure Movement
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• Agricultural Factors
• England was 2nd only to the Netherlands in terms
  of agricultural advance
• Why does this agricultural revolution matter to
  the I.R.?
• More food ? population booms
• No famine ? more stability more confidence to
  invest
• More pop. ? more demand for goods
• More efficient farming creates a proletariat
  these people are more likely to move around and
  supply the factory workers

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Human Factors

• High level of literacy and education in England
• Adam Smith and liberal economics
• encourages govt to get out of the way
• sees it as good for individuals to seek personal
  wealth
• Capitalism, invisible hand, laissez-faire, free
  market
• Laissez-faire matches well with Constitutional
  monarchy

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Stability

• 2nd Hundred Years War happened in the colonies
  and on the continent, but not England
• Battle of Trafalgar key

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Hansen Name _______________ What an A
Answer Would Look Like for the Question Why
did the Industrial Revolution Start in England at
the End of the 18th Century?

• Economic Reasons
• Wealth and capital from the Atlantic Economy
• Asiento
• Navigation Acts
• Defeat of France, primarily in 7 Years War, but
  also in Napoleonic Wars
• Stable Central Bank and finance
• Allowed cheap money for investment and innovation
  
• Natural Resources
• Coal and iron
• Infrastructure
• Canals and no tariffs
• Agricultural Reasons
• Agricultural Revolution
• Enclosure movement
• More efficient workers are freed from farm work
  for industrialization
• New agricultural tools
• More wealth to support demand from factory made
  goods

• Human Factors
• Available labor
• Proletariat
• Skilled and educated workers
• High level of education in England
• Liberal Economics
• Adam Smith
• Government encouraged to be laissez faire hands
  off
• Stability
• 2nd Hundred Years War happens on the continent
  and in the colonies, not in England
• Investment doesnt make sense in times of
  uncertainty