Energy Related Organelles

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Energy Related Organelles

• By
• Madison Greening, David Hughes, Kathryn Butler,
  Kelsey Ivory

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Mitochondria Chloroplast
Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells (including plants, animals, fungi, protists) Found only in plants and algae
Protists contain large mitochondria and fewer of them, Egg cells can contain up to hundreds of thousands of mitochondria Chloroplasts have at least two membranes separated by narrow inter-membrane spaces
They can measure anywhere between 2 to 8 micrometers in length and 1.5 micrometers in diameter They can measure anywhere between 2 to 5 micrometers
Mitochondria have two membranes the interior membrane is convoluted with inward folding called cristae. Chloroplasts contain stacks of thykoloids called grana.
Continuously changing shape and reproducing (mitochondria reproduce more often than chloroplasts) Continuously changing shape and reproducing (occasionally pinch in two)
-Cellular respiration -Contain mtDNA -Free ribosomes (which work with the mtDNA to manufacture enzymes which help with cellular respiration) Located in the Cytoplasm -Photosynthesis -Contains chloroplast genome (DNA) -Free ribosomes Located in the Cytoplasm
RELATED TO ALL OTHER ORGANELLES (because all other organelles use energy to function) RELATED TO ALL OTHER ORGANELLES (because all other organelles use energy to function)
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Mitochondria The sites of cellular respiration
(the metabolic process that generates ATP by
extracting energy from sugars, fats and other
fuels with the help of oxygen), hormone
synthesis, and heat generation in brown fat cells
(which are used to protect young animals from the
cold and are used to bring hibernating animals
out of hibernation)
Chloroplast An organelle found only in plants
and photosynthetic protists that absorb sunlight
and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic
compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
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6CO2 12H20 Energy from light -gt C6H12O6 6O2
6H2O
C6H12O6 6O2 -gt 6C02 6H2O Energy
Autotrophs (plants and algae) use energy from
the sunlight to convert the compounds CO2 and H2O
into carbohydrates (like glucose) through
photosynthesis. Heterotrophic organisms (like
us) are not capable of making our own food
(unlike autotrophs). The food we eat either comes
directly from plants, or from animals that them,
themselves, eat/have eaten plants. Heterotrophs
break the chemical bonds in food molecules
between glucose and oxygen, thereby returning CO2
and H2O to the environment, and as a byproduct
energy is released. This process takes place in
the mitochondria and is referred to as cellular
respiration. This is what provides your body with
energy.
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• Chloroplasts
• Dual membrane.
• Multiple stacks called Grana of disks called
  Thylakoids.
• The Stroma surrounds the Grana and contains DNA
  and other proteins which contribute to the
  functioning of the organelle.

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Plant cells without chloroplasts

• In every plant and form of algae there are
  organelles called "chloroplasts" which basically
  perform the opposite function of the
  mitochondria.
• Chloroplasts also reproduce on their own and
  contain their own DNA. Chloroplasts are nearly
  genetically identical to cyanobacteria, formerly
  known as "blue green algae."
• Without chloroplasts, plants would be unable to
  produce oxygen (or sugars/energy) from carbon
  dioxide (therefore the plant would die, because
  its cells would not be getting enough energy .
• Cyanobacteria were the first form of life to
  transpire and create oxygen in the atmosphere.

Cypress Canker Infection
Thermal stress in plants initially causes
alterations in chloroplast thylakoidal membranes,
therefore interfering with the process of
photosynthesis.
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Powdery Mildew Infection

• Chloroplasts isolated from powdery
  mildew-infected sugar beet leaves showed
• A reduction in the rate of electron transport and
  in the accompanying ATP formation
• Little or no change in the rate of ATP formation
  in cyclic photophosphorylation.
• The inhibition of noncyclic photophosphorylation
  appeared to lead in the parent leaves to a
  decreased rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation
  and a change in products resulting in a relative
  increase of amino acids.
• These changes were accompanied by alterations in
  chloroplast ultrastructure and by a reduction in
  the activity of enzymes necessary for the
  formation of organic acids.
• Basically this means the amount of CO2 being
  absorbed is reduced. The structure of the
  chloroplasts have changed and now produce less
  organic acids and more amino acids.
• (Definition by dictionary.com
• Photophosphorylation the synthesis of ATP from
  ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using
  radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis
• Ultrastructure detailed structure of a
  biological specimen, such as a cell, tissue, or
  organ

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• Mitochondria
• Dual membrane.
• The inner membrane surrounds the Matrix.
• The Matrix is an area of highly concentrated
  enzymes.
• The inner membrane is folded into Cristae, which
  protrude into the Matrix of the organelle.

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Kearns-Sayre Syndrome

• KSS
• Rare neuromuscular
• Onset around 20 years old
• Result of large amounts of mtDNA deletions (parts
  of DNA missing)
• Symptoms include limitation of eye movement,
  retina deterioration, drooping eyelids and an
  accumulation of pigmented material in the ocular
  membrane
• Not inherited
• No cure

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

• LHON
• Inherited disease that causes vision loss
• Result of mutations in mitochondrial genome
• Passed from mother to all children because egg
  provides embryo with mitochondria
• Onset in teens/twenties
• Effects males more
• Symptoms acute vision loss in one eye, a few
  weeks later in the other eye, escalating to
  severe optic atrophy (loss of fibers in optic
  nerve)
• No accepted treatment

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