Education and Development Education as a Human Right

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Education and Development Education as a Human
Right
Education and Development Education as a Human
Right
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Education and Development Education as a Human
Right

• How does Education relate to Society? Alternative
  approaches.
• Human Capital, Modernization, Dependency, Human
  Rights, Democratization
• What has Education for All Achieved?
• What are the limitations of EFA?
• Assignment 1 Oct 17, Only ID

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Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Educational Institutions
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
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Transnational Context
Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
SubNational Context
National Context
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Educational Institutions
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
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Education---Context

• Thanks to a combination of revolutions,
  scientific and technological, social and
  economic, political and demographic, the
  environments of educational systems have been
  changing at a vastly accelerated pace.

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Do you agree with the view that the context of
education systems have been changing at a very
rapid pace?

1. Yes
2. No

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What is the most important education challenge
today?

1. Expanding Access to Education to reach the
   unreached.
2. Improving Quality of Education.
3. Improving the Relevance of Education

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Education---Context

• Alternative ways to think about this relationship

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Transnational Context
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
SubNational Context
National Context
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Educational Institutions
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
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Education and Economic Development

• Growth in Gross National Product
• Patterns of Growth
• Capitalizing on Comparative Advantages through
  Trade
• Economic Development can be viewed as a set
  of interrelated changes in the structure of an
  economy that are required for its continued
  growth. They involve the composition of demand,
  production, and employment as well as the
  external structure of trade and capital flows.
  Taken together, these structural changes define
  the transformation of a traditional to a modern
  economic system Hollis Chenery. Structural
  Change and Development Policy

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Approaches to Educational Planning

• Manpower Planning
• Rates of Return Analysis

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Education confers economic advantages to the
people who are educated

1. Yes, Always
2. Yes, Generally
3. Sometimes
4. No, Rarely
5. No, Never

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Education improves the economic productivity of
people, hence improving national economic growth

1. Yes, Always
2. Yes, Generally
3. Sometimes
4. No, Rarely
5. No, Never

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Transnational Context
Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
SubNational Context
National Context
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Educational Institutions
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
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Education and Modernization

• Cultural Values that allow Economic Progress
• From Tradition to Modernity
• Modern Values
• Control over ones destiny vs. external forces
• Respect for time vs. flexibility
• Universal rules vs. particularism
• Focus on achievement vs. ascriptive

http//www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
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Weak vs. Strong Secular-Rational Values
Source Christian WelzelA Human Development View
on Value Change Trends (1981-2006)
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Weak vs. Strong Self-Expression Values
Source Christian WelzelA Human Development View
on Value Change Trends (1981-2006)
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An Underlying Constraint vs. Choice Polarity
Source Christian WelzelA Human Development View
on Value Change Trends (1981-2006)
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The Two-Dimensional Value Space in Theory
Source Christian WelzelA Human Development View
on Value Change Trends (1981-2006)
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The Two-Dimensional Value Space in Reality
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Cohort Differences throughout Cultural Zones
Cohort differences indicate a long-term increase
of secular- rational and self- expression values
in all cultural zones except Africa.
Source Christian WelzelA Human Development View
on Value Change Trends (1981-2006)
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Education develops modern values

1. Yes, Always
2. Yes, Generally
3. Sometimes
4. No, Rarely
5. No, Never

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In the cases when education develops modern values

1. This is positive
2. This can be positive or negative
3. This is negative

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Education and Dependency Theory

• Some Economies never grow
• Relationship of economic center to periphery
• Role of elites
• No capital accumulation but extraction
• Relationship to Authoritarianism in Third World.
• Liberation theory and conscientization. Alter
  class relationships through empowerment of the
  poor.

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Education and Human Rights

• Concentrate on all groups of society
• Address regional disparities
• Target elimination of poverty directly

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Transnational Context
Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
SubNational Context
National Context
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Educational Institutions
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
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Education and Political Change. Democratization
Transnational Context
Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
SubNational Context
National Context
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Educational Institutions
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
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Education as Social Reproduction

• Education part of the superstructure of society.
  Cant change the structure. Only reproduce.
• Different education tracks
• Social origin is social destiny

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What theoretical approach do you think best
captures the relationship between educational
institutions and context?

1. Economic Development
2. Modernization
3. Dependency
4. Human Rights
5. Democratization
6. Social Reproduction

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Does the approach we choose to represent how
education and society relate matter in practice?

1. Yes
2. No
3. I dont know

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Five Definition of Literacy

• 1. ability to read and write
• 2. the ability to read, write, spell, listen, and
  speak
• 3. reading and writing at a level adequate for
  communication, or at a level that lets one
  understand and communicate ideas in a literate
  society, so as to take part in that society.
• 4. 'Literacy' is the ability to identify,
  understand, interpret, create, communicate,
  compute and use printed and written materials
  associated with varying contexts.
• 5. Literacy is understanding, using and
  reflecting on written texts to enable an
  individual to achieve his or her goals, to
  develop his or her knowledge and potential, and
  to participate fully in the wider society

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Does it matter which definition one adopts?

1. Yes
2. No

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Literacy is understanding, using and reflecting
on written texts to enable an individual to
achieve his or her goals, to develop his or her
knowledge and potential, and to participate fully
in the wider society

1. Economic Development
2. Modernization
3. Dependency
4. Human Rights
5. Democratization
6. Reproduction

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Transnational Context
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
Why do States Intervene? Because they believe
schools can change context Make people more
productive Make people less poor Make people
more modern Make people more democratic Because
it provides legitimacy to the State Presence of
the State Deliver symbolically on the democratic
ideal Equality of Opportunity Why do
Transnational Institutions Intervene?
Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
SubNational Context
National Context
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Educational Institutions
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
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• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Creation of UNESCO
• Expansion of 1950s-1960s
• Crisis of Education 1970s
• Economic Recession and Adjustment 1980s
• Education for All
• Jomtien 1990 and Dakar 2000

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The Six Goals of EFA

• Goal 1 Expand early childhood care and education
  
• Goal 2 Provide free and compulsory primary
  education for all
• Goal 3 Promote learning and life skills for
  young people and adults
• Goal 4 Increase adult literacy by 50 per cent
• Goal 5 Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender
  equality by 2015
• Goal 6 Improve the quality of education
• UNESCO has been mandated to lead the movement and
  coordinate the international efforts to reach
  Education for All. Governments, development
  agencies, civil society, non-government
  organizations and the media are but some of the
  partners working toward reaching these goals.
• The EFA goals also contribute to the global
  pursuit of the eight Millennium Development Goals
  (MDGs), especially MDG 2 on universal primary
  education and MDG 3 on gender equality in
  education, by 2015.
• The Fast Track Initiative was set up to implement
  the EFA movement, aiming at "accelerating
  progress towards quality universal primary
  education".

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Has EFA Made a Difference in Educational
Opportunity?

1. Yes
2. No

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EFA put primary emphasis on quantitative growth
and little if any emphasis on qualitative
transformation to adapt to the changing needs

1. Yes, I agree
2. To some extent
3. No, I disagree with that statement

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Cultural Context Identity Values Norms
Shared meanings
Economic Context Structure of the Economy
Comparative Advantage Productivity Employment
Political Context Staterepresentation
Governance State legitimacy Stability Rule
of Law
Social Context Status Hierarchies
Individual-Society
Educational Institutions
Geographical Context Natural Endowments
Human-Environmental Issues
Demographic Context Demographic Structure
Demographic Dynamics
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• Gap Education Demand and Supply
• Education Demand Self-Generating
• Demographic explosion
• Response Spread Resources
• Gap Resources and Requirements
• Gap Outputs and Jobs
• Irrelevance of Content and Methods
• Imbalance Formal and Non-Formal

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• Thanks to a combination of post-war revolutions,
  scientific and technological, social and
  economic, political and demographic, the
  environments of educational systems have been
  changing at a vastly accelerated pace.
• The chief response of educational systems to
  these greatly altered circumstances has been to
  get bigger as fast as they could, to try to keep
  pace with the explosive rise in popular demand.
  Thus they have followed a strategy of linear
  expansion which put primary emphasis on
  quantitative growth and little if any emphasis on
  qualitative transformation to adapt to the
  changing needs
• Phillip Coombs. 1970.

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A New Strategy for Educational Development

• International Strategy
• Emphasis on Quality
• Emphasis on Links of Education to Society

• Goal 1 Expand early childhood care and education
  
• Goal 2 Provide free and compulsory primary
  education for all
• Goal 3 Promote learning and life skills for
  young people and adults
• Goal 4 Increase adult literacy by 50 per cent
• Goal 5 Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender
  equality by 2015
• Goal 6 Improve the quality of education

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What rationale informed Singapores efforts in
education as discussed in the reading?

1. Economic Development
2. Modernization
3. Dependency
4. Human Rights
5. Democratization
6. Social Reproduction

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Did Educational Opportunity Expand in Singapore

1. Yes
2. No