Do Now (Connection to Film)

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Do Now (Connection to Film)

• Think back to the film from last class
• Define the following in regards to the
  Renaissance
• Commerce
• Globalization
• How did these two factors impact Europe in the
  mid 14th centaury?

2
The Crusades

• Why Important?
• How did they impact the development of the
  Renaissance?
• What other factors influenced the development of
  the Renaissance?

3
The Crusades

• Why Important?
• Increased contact with Eastern civilizations
  (Muslims) leading to increased commerce and
  globalization
• How did they impact the development of the
  Renaissance?
• for Italian port cities
• intellectual ideas
• What other factors influenced the development of
  the Renaissance?

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Causes of the Renaissance

• Black Death Political disorder
• Economic recession
• Renaissance

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14th Century Recovery

• Black Death
• Political disorder
• Economic recession

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The Black Death (Plague)

• Europe loses 1/3 its population to disease
• Labor is hard to find (scarce)
• Towns and many serfs freed from feudal
  obligations
• Churchs influence declines.
• Disrupts pattern of trade.

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Economic Effects of the Crusades

• Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
• Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle
  Eastern markets
• Encouraged the use of credit (borrowing money)
  and banking.

8
Important Economic Concepts

• Church rule against usury and the banks practice
  of charging interest helped to secularize
  northern Italy.
• Letters of credit served to expand the supply of
  money and speed-up trade.
• New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of
  Arabic numerals) were introduced.

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Impact of Crusades and Black Death

• Feudalism no longer works
• Growth of trading towns and cities
• Cities are free from feudal obligations
• Manorialism no longer works
• Not enough workers
• Demand for Middle Eastern Goods causes increase
  in trade

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The Italian Renaissance

• Rebirth?
• Classical Greco-Roman learning, art, architecture
• circ. 1300 to 1527(?)

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Italy

• Powerful city-states
• Politically, economically, socially
• Secularism
• Education System
• Remnants of Greatness

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City States

• Italy lacked a single ruler
• Major City States
• Papal
• Milan
• Venice
• Florence

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Milan

• 1447 Francesco Sforza (Duke)
• Strong centralized state
• Efficient tax system

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Florence, Venice, Genoa (Italy)

• Were initially independent city-states governed
  as republics.
• Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with
  Middle Eastern Markets.
• Served as trading centers for the distribution of
  goods to northern Europe

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Venice

• Run by merchant class (aristocracy)

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Florence

• 1434 Cosimo grandson Lorenzo de Medici (d.
  1492)
• Spoils system helped them keep control
• Cultural center of italy
• Supporters (Patrons) of the arts!
• Balance of Power

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Papal States/Rome

• Rodrigo Borgia (aka. Pope Alexander VI - 1492)
• Highly Secular
• Cesare Borgia Commander of Papal Armies

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Renaissance Society

• Social Hierarchy
• Clergy
• Nobility
• Everyone else
• Patricians / traders, merchants
• Burghers / shop-keepers, artisans
• Low wage earners, unemployed
• Patriarchal in nature
• Arranged marriages w/ dowries

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Do Now Compare
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Humanism

• Humanism was an ideal that focused on the world
  of mankind as much as a concern for the
  hereafter.
• Rejected medieval view of humanity and focused on
  the goodness of mankind

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Humanism

• Emphasis on the individual
• Well rounded
• Educated
• Loyal
• Physically fit

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High Renaissance

• 1480 - 1520

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Art in Italy

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Mona Lisa
• Last Supper

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Masaccio

• Frescoes
• Wet plaster / water based paint
• Perspective 1 or 2 point

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Art Stresses

• Organization
• Geometry
• Realism

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Sculpture

• Donatello
• Saint George

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Filippo Brunelleschi

• Architecture
• Medicis were patrons
• Church of Saint Lorenzo

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Artwork in the Middle Ages
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Techniques in Medieval Art

• Halo
• 2-D
• Theme
• Color
• Proportion

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The Epiphany
Giotto di Bondone
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Saint Andrew
Simone Martini
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The Pentecost
Mosan
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Artwork in the Renaissance
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Renaissance timeline
MichelangeloDavid
DonatelloDavid
Michelangelo
Raphael
Leonardo
REFORMATION
1400
1500
1600
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Techniques in Renaissance Art

• Perspective
• Vanishing Point
• Foreshortening
• Chiaroscuro
• Colors used
• Sfumato
• Posto / Contrapposto
• Realism
• Portrait

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Plato
Aristotle
Socrates
Raphael
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The Marriage of the Virgin Raphael
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The Marriage of the Virgin Raphael
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Andrea Mantegna c. 1480
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Andrea Mantegna c. 1480
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Annunciation with St. EmidiusBy Carlo
Crivelli
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Annunciation with St. Emidius By Carlo
Crivelli
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Young Woman with a Water Pitcher
(1622) Johannes Vermeer
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Young Woman with a Water Pitcher
(1622) Johannes Vermeer
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Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife
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Sfumato
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The Last Supper Leonardo DaVinci Where do we
see examples of all these different techniques?
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Renaissance Art

• Evaluating the Progression from Medieval to
  Renaissance

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• Madonna and Child
• in Glory
• By Jacopa di Cione
• 1360/65

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• Miraculous
• Mass of Martin
• of Tours
• Franconian
• School
• Ca. 1440

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• Madonna and Child
• with St. John
• Guiliano Bugiardini
• 1510

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• Adoration of the
• Shepherds
• Giovanni
• Agostino da Lodi
• 1510

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The Adoration of the Magi by the Kress
Monnogrammist, ca. 1550/1560
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The Bean Eater by Annibale Carracci, 1582/83
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Spread of Renaissance

• Possible w/Gutenbergs innovative movable metal
  type printing press (1445)
• By 1500, a thousand printers published 40000
  tiles (1/2 religious)
• Literacy rates spiked as did cultural diffusion

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Northern Renaissance

• Starts in 1450, 100 years later than Italy
• Cultivated knowledge of classics ( early
  Christian writers)
• Tried to apply classics to Christianity for
  reform
• Promoted simpler Christian interpretation than
  complicated Medieval dogma

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Northern vs. Italian Art
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Northern Renaissance Art

• Like humanism, religion based/ Devotional
• In painting, Flanders School used oil/more
  intense w/realism perspective not as important
• Due to religion, art seen in illuminated
  manuscripts, especially Limbourg Brothers
  altarpieces

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Northern v. Italian Art

• Italian

• Northern

• Canvas, Sculpture, Fresco, tempura, architecture
• Perspective, Symmetry, Balance, Good sense of
  Mass
• Classical Mythology, Religious
• Figures w/ Mass/Volume, Use of Anatomy

• Wood Panel, Engraving, Illustration, Oil on,
  glazing
• Detail, Naturalism
• Interiors, Portraits, Religious
• Extreme / Minute Detail

Medium
Style
Subject
Famous
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• Book of Hours (religious prayer book)

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Jan van Eyck

• Realistic ainter who worked on details
• His Altarpiece of Ghent, portrait of a Man
  Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife are
  his most famous works

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Rogier van der Weyden Deposition
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Robert Campins Merode Altarpiece
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Albrecht DurerSelf Portrait(1500)
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• St. Jerome dans sa cellule
• (1514)
• Engraving

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Pieter Brughel The Harvesters 1565, Oil on wood
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Peasant Wedding 1568
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Women?

• Rare, but at times politically influential
• Isabella dEste (Mantua)
• Turn to page 422

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Intellectual Renaissance

• Petrarch

• Humanism!

• Study of classical Greco-Roman past
• Liberal arts
• Grammar
• Rhetoric
• Poetry
• Moral philosophy
• Ethics
• history

• 14th cent. Father of Italian Humanism
• Stressed classical Latin (Rome)
• Civic duty
• Individual purpose is to best serve the state

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The Intellectual Renaissance

• Writers and Philosophy

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Vernacular
Francois Rabelais

• Dante Alighieri

• Geoffrey Chaucer

• English
• The Canterbury Tales
• Collection of stories from individuals from all
  walks of life

• French
• Pantagruel and Gargantua
• Son and Father Giants
• Comical Satire

• Italian
• Divine Comedy
• How to gain salvation through his travels through
  the levels of hell, purgatory, heaven

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Niccolo Machiavelli

• Florentine Diplomat
• Forced into exile
• Wrote The Prince
• Question How does a Prince obtain and maintain
  power?

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How Should Nobility Act?

• Baldassare Castiglione says
• The Book of the Courtier / Il Cortiere
• 1. born into, have character
• 2. physical, military, and classical edu.
• 3. show achievement w/ grace
• Purpose win favor with and serve Prince

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End of Renaissance

• 1527
• Italian wars 30 years
• French Charles VIII (1494) takes over kingdom of
  Naples
• Other city-states turn to Spanish for protection
  (Charles I)
• Troops are not able to be paid, thus sack Rome
  for the spoils