BLOOD

1
BLOOD
Chapter 19
2
Functions of Blood

• Transport of
• Gases, nutrients, waste products
• Processed molecules
• Regulatory molecules
• Regulation of pH and osmosis
• Maintenance of body temperature
• Protection against foreign substances
• Clot formation

3
Composition of Blood

• Plasma55
• Formed elements45
• Red blood cells (RBC)erythrocytes
• White blood cells (WBC)leukocytes
• Plateletsthrombocytes

4
Composition of Blood
5
Formed Elements

• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

6
Production of Formed Elements

• Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis Process of blood
  cell production
• Stem cells All formed elements derived from
  single population

7
Hematopoiesis
8
Concept Check

• What are the functions of blood?
• -transportation, regulation of pH, maintain body
• temperature, protection, clot formation
• What types of things does it transport?
• -gases, nutrients, waste products, molecules
• What are the three types of cells in blood?
• -erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
• What is most blood made out of?
• -plasma
• What is the process of blood cell formation
  called?
• -hematopoesis

9
ErythrocytesRBC

• Mature RBC
• Contain no nucleus
• Contain no organelles
• Is a biconcave, disk shape
• Average life span is 120 days
• Filled with hemoglobinprotein that can carry up
  to 4 atoms of oxygen
• Anemialack of iron in hemoglobin
• CO2 transported in plasma and RBC

10
Leukocytes

• Types
• Neutrophils Small phagocytic cells
• Eosinophils Reduce inflammation
• Basophils Release histamine and increase
  inflammatory response
• Lymphocytes Immunity
• Monocytes Largest WBCs become macrophages

• Protect body against microorganisms remove dead
  cells debris
• Movements
• Ameboid-pseudopodia
• Diapedesis- move through the walls of blood
  vessels
• Chemotaxis- move toward chemicals

11
LeukocytesWBC

• WBCs are outnumbered by RBCs 7001
• Differential WBC count will show any abnormal
  number of WBCs.
• Leukopeniadecreased of WBCs
• Leukocytosisincreased of WBCs

12
Platelets- Thrombocytes

• Average life span is 7-10 days
• Function coagulation
• AKA blood clotting
• Hemostasisstoppage of blood flow
• Platelets will stick to damaged lining of the
  vessel to form a platelet plug
• Proteins released to attract more platelets
• Substances released to cause vasoconstriction

13
Thrombocytes

• Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in
  red bone marrow

14
Concept Check

• What are some characteristics of RBCs?
• -no nucleus or organelles, bioconcave disk
  shaped, contain hemoglobin
• What are some characteristics of WBCs?
• -outnumbered by RBCs, live only a few days
• Why are there so many different kinds of WBCs?
• -each have different functions
• What is the function of a thrombocyte?
• -coagulation (clot blood)

15
Blood Grouping

• Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface
  of RBCs
• Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC
  antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping)
  or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
• Groups
• ABO and Rh
• Most common blood type O
• Most rare blood type AB-

16
ABO Blood Groups
17
Blood Types
Type Antigen present Antibody present
A Antigen A Antibody B
B Antigen B Antibody A
AB Antigen A B None
O None Antibody A B
18
Rh Blood Group

• First studied in rhesus monkeys
• Types
• Rh positive Have these antigens present on
  surface of RBCs
• Rh negative Do not have these antigens present
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
• Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross
  placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of
  fetal RBCs

19
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
20
Plasma

• 90 water
• 10 solutes
• 6-8 proteinsused in blood clotting antibody
  dispersal
• 2 other stuff

21
Plasma

• Liquid part of blood
• Pale yellow made up of 90 water, 10 other
• Colloid Liquid containing suspended substances
  that dont settle out
• Albumin Important in regulation of water
  movement between tissues and blood
• Globulins Immune system or transport molecules
• Fibrinogen Responsible for formation of blood
  clots

22
Hemostasis

• Arrest of bleeding
• Events preventing excessive blood loss
• Vascular spasm Vasoconstriction of damaged blood
  vessels
• Platelet plug formation
• Coagulation or blood clotting

23
Fibrinolysis

• Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme
  which hydrolyzes fibrin

24
CoagulationBlood Clotting

• Uses the proteins in the plasma
• prothrombin (protein)converted into thrombin
  (enzyme) by thromboplastin released in platelets
• Soluble fibrinogen (protein)converted into
  strands of insoluble fibrin by thrombin
• Fibrin makes a mesh of fibers that trap RBCs and
  platelets to cause the clot.

25
Anticoagulants (antithrombins)

• Act against thrombin to prevent production of
  fibrin
• Heparinnatural anticoagulant (blood thinner)

26
Concept Check

• What is the difference between clotting and
• clumping?
• -clotting is natural clumping is not can cause
• problems
• Why are there so many steps to clot the blood?
• -bc they are needed to work together to perform
• their functions preventing excessive blood loss
• What is the use of an anticoagulant?
• -blood thinner
• What are the steps of hemostasis?
• -vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation,
• coagulation

27
Diagnostic Blood Tests

• Type and crossmatch
• Complete blood count
• Red blood count
• Hemoglobin measurement
• Hematocrit measurement
• White blood count
• Differential white blood count
• Clotting

28
Hematocrit

• Volume of blood (RBC WBC) in a given sample

29
Blood Disorders

• Hemophilia-clotting absent
• Thrombocytopenia- of platelets reduced chronic
  bleeding
• Leukemia-cancer of bone marrow abnormal
  production of 1 or more WBC types
• Septicemia-blood poisoning spread of
  microorganisms toxins by blood
• Malaria-caused by a protozoan (plasmodium) by a
  mosquito
• Infectious mononucleosis-virus that infects
  lymphocytes (B cells)
• Hepatitis-infection of the liver by virus

• Erythrocytosis RBC overabundance
• Anemia Deficiency of hemoglobin
• Iron-deficiency
• Pernicious-inadequate vitamin B12
• Hemorrhagic-loss of blood (ulcer, trauma)
• Hemolytic-RBCs rupture destroyed
• Sickle-cell-hereditary abnormal hemoglobin shape