Subordinate clauses (???)

1
??? ??

• ???, ???

2
Subordinate clauses (???)

• ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?, ??, ??, ?? ??? ???? ???
  ???? ?
• Complex sentences - ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???
  ???? ??? ?? ???. (????? ????(DC dependent
  clause)? ??? ???.)
• ?, ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ??
  ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.

3
Complement clauses (???)

• (3) A. Elizabeth regretted that she had met
  Wickham.
• B. Catherine feared that the Abbey was
  haunted.
• Elizabeth regretted her actions and Catherine
  feared the Generals temper? ??????? ??? ? ?? ???
  ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???.
• (4) That Anne was in conversation with Mr Elliot
  dismayed Captain Wentworth.
• dismayed Captain Wentworth.
• (5) Fanny was delighted by the idea that she
  could subscribe to a library.
• ???? That? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ??.

4
Complement clauses (???)

• (6) a. Who thought up the proposal that the
• committee be abolished?
• b. There was a plan that we would visit
  Glasgow
• today but the weather is terrible.
• c. Scientists have disproved the theory
  that the
• moon is made of green cheese.
• ???? ??(the proposal), ??(a plan),
• ??(the theory) ? ???? ???? ???
• ????.

5
6.3.2 Relative Clauses(???)

• Relative clauses are called adjective clauses,
  refleting the fact that adjectives also modify
  nouns.

6
6.3.2 Relative Clauses(???)

• Difference between adjectives and relative
  clauses
• Adjectives typically precede the noun in a noun
  phrase while relative clauses follow it.

7
6.3.2 Relative Clauses(???)

• (7) a. The cottage which Mrs Dashwood accepted
  was rather small.
• b. The gentleman who saved Marianne was
  Willoughby.
• c. The book (which Marianne was reading)
  contained poems by Cowper.
• d. The building (that we liked) is in Thornton
  Lacey.

8
6.3.2 Relative Clauses(???)

• Note that although the that clause in (7d) is
  called a relative clause, that is not a relative
  pronoun but a conjunction.

9
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• The meaning of Adverbial Clauses
• The name of adverbial suggests that adverbial
  clauses modify verbs but they modify whole
  clauses.
• Their other key property is that they are
  adjuncts, since they are typically optional
  constituents in sentences.

10
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• Adverbial clauses classified according to their
  meaning
• Reason(??, ??)
• Time(?, ??)
• Concession(??, ??)
• Manner(??, ??, ??)
• Condition(??)

11
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• (8) a. Reason
• Because Marianne loved Willoughby, she refused to
  believe that he had deserted her.
• -gt Because Marianne loved Willoughby gives reason
  Marianne refused to believe that Willoughby had
  gone.

12
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• (8) a. Reason
• As, since (???)
• Because(???)
• Now (that) ((??) ???, ?? ???)
• In that(?? ???)

13
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• (8) b. Time
• When Fanny returned, she found Tom Bertram very
  ill.
• -gt When Fanny returned , gives the time at which
  another event happened, namely her finding Tom
  Bertram ill.
• As Marianne was running, she fell.
• While they were in London, she looked for
  Willoughby.

14
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• (8) b. Time
• After, Before, when, while(???), as(?? ??, ??
  ???), as soon as(as soon as the moment that),
  since(???), until, once(?? ?? ??)

15
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• (8) c. Concession
• Although Mr. Darcy disliked Mrs Bennet, he
  married Elizabeth.
• -gt The writer says, as it were, OK, I concede
  that he didnt like Mrs Bennet. Nonetheless he
  married Elizabeth.

16
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• (8) c. Concession
• Although. Though (?? ????)
• Even if (?? ????)
• Even though (?? ???)
• Whereas, while (? ???)
• Granting/ granted that (?? )

17
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• (8) d. Manner
• Henry changed his plans as the mood took him.
• -gt as the mood took him describes the manner in
  which Henry changed his plans and modifies the
  main clause Henry changed his plans.

18
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• lt??gt where(?)
• lt??gt so that, in order that (?? ??)
• lt??gt so that (????), so/ such A that B (?? Ago?
  B??.)

19
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• e. Condition
• If Emma had left Hartfield, Mr woodhouse would
  have been unhappy.
• -gt This situation did not actually come about but
  would haveEmmas leaving Hartfield would have
  brought it about.

20
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• e. Condition
• If
• Providing/ provided(that) (????, ?????)
• On the condition that (?? ??)
• As/ so long as (?? ?, ???)
• In case that (??, ? ??? ????)
• Unless (?? ?? ?, ?? ???)
• Supposing/ suppose that (????? ??? ????)

21
6.3.3 Adverbial clauses (???)

• e. Condition
• If Emma had left Hartfield, Mr. woodhouse would
  have been unhappy.
• -gt This situation did not actually come about but
  would haveEmmas leaving Hartfield would have
  brought it about.