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Salutary Neglect. was followed to keep colonial allegiance while allowing Britain to focus its attention on European politics. was coined by Edmund Burke – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Review%20

1
Review What You Wanted To Know
2
Salutary Neglect

Salutary Neglect is the unofficial British policy
of lenient or lax enforcement of parliamentary
laws regarding the American colonies during the
seventeenth (1600s) and eighteenth (1700s)
centuries.

3
Salutary Neglect

was followed to keep colonial allegiance while
allowing Britain to focus its attention on
European politics.
was coined by Edmund Burke in an address to
Parliament in 1775 when he tried to reconcile the
divisions between Britain and the American
colonies which occurred after salutary neglect
ended in 1763.

During this policy, Britain (the mother country)
was a very relaxed parent and let the American
colonies (her children) live very independent
lives.
Like all parents, Britain had instituted certain
rules that needed to be followed. During the
seventeenth century, Britain hoped to
institute mercantilism, whereby the American
colonies would serve as the source of raw
materials for Britain's expanding manufacturing
and also serve as a market for Britain's
manufactured goods.

Therefore, the colonies were insuring Britain's
prosperity by creating a favorable balance of
trade where Britain exported more goods to her
colonies and received raw materials at a
favorable price.
This policy was instituted officially with the
passage of the Navigation Acts in 1651 which
restricted colonial trade solely with Britain,
requiring all goods shipped to and from the
colonies to be transported on British ships.

While the Navigation Acts became the backbone of
this mercantilist policy, they proved difficult
and costly to enforce. Most colonial merchants
found it easy to bypass these laws and rampant
smuggling occurred.
Triangular trade made New England merchants very
wealthy. Much of that wealth was used to purchase
tremendous amounts of British manufactured goods.
Therefore, Britain still benefited from this
illegal trade network that violated the
Navigation Acts.

Economically, the colonies prospered under
salutary neglect, trading extensively with the
French, the Dutch, and the Spanish in the
Caribbean, New Orleans, and New France (present
day Canada).
Some historians argue that the policy of salutary
neglect gave the American colonists a degree of
independence that led directly to the American
Revolution.

As Walpole (1st prime minister of England) said,
"If no restrictions were placed on the colonies,
they would flourish." This unofficial British
policy was in effect from 1607-1763.

9
Committee of Correspondence

formed throughout the colonies as a means of
coordinating action against Great Britain
many were formed by the legislatures of the
respective colonies
others by extra-governmental associations such as
the Sons of Liberty in the various colonies

members of these organizations represented the
leading men of each colony
1764, Boston formed the earliest Committee of
Correspondence to encourage opposition to
Britains stiffening of customs enforcement and
prohibition of American paper money

In 1765 New York formed a similar committee to
keep the other colonies notified of its actions
in resisting the Stamp Act.
In 1773, the Virginia House of Burgesses
proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a
committee for inter-colonial correspondence

the exchanges that followed helped build a sense
of solidarity, as common grievances were
discussed and common responses agreed upon.
When the First Continental Congress was held in
September 1774, it represented the logical
evolution of the inter-colonial communication
that had begun with the Committees of
Correspondence.

13
Paxton Boys

Vigilante group who murdered 20 Native Americans
Known also as the Conestoga Massacre
Propelled by the fear and hatred of Native
Americans and the perceived inability of
government to deal with it
Government continued to use tax money to help
Native Americans who lived among them

14
Village of Paxton

Scots-Irish immigrants
Raided a nearby village totally off target
Village not participated in uprising
Friendly Indians made brooms to sell
Native Americans were offered safety in the jail
Paxton Boys broke into the jail, killed and
scalped them

15
Other Trouble

March into towns 600 strong ignite panic
Face armed pacifists
Church bells rang to advise of impending danger
Their attacks mirrored the fear of what it would
look like if Native Americans attacked them

16
Impact Led to?

Seen as a measure of the hostilities between
frontiersmen and Native Americans
Most came to realize that coexistence was
possible
Removal/extinction the only solution
March on Philadelphia
Proved the reality of social tensions

17
Valley Forge

6 month experience
No military encounters
Fight against the elements and low morale

18
Turning Point

Why didnt they disband?
Starving, freezing, dying
killed nearly 2,500 American soldiers by the end
of February 1778
Only about one in three of them had shoes
The first properly constructed hut appeared in
three days
One other hut, which required 80 logs, and whose
timber had to be collected from miles away, went
up in one week with the use of only one axe.

By the beginning of February, construction of
2,000 huts were completed.
They provided shelter, but did little to offset
the critical shortages that continually plagued
the army
nourishment from "firecake," a tasteless mixture
of flour and water

"pepper hot soup," a black pepper-flavored tripe
broth
layer of snow was often too thin to be collected
and melted into drinking water
hundreds of horses either starved to death or
died of exhaustion
Over 700 horses died

shortages caused nearly 4,000 men to be listed
as unfit for duty
soldiers deserted in "astonishing great numbers"
as hardships at camp overcame their motivation
and dedication to fight for the cause of liberty

Women who were relatives or wives of enlisted men
alleviated some of the suffering by providing
valuable services such as laundry and nursing
that the army desperately needed
Regimental Camp Followers also helped increase
the morale of the soldiers and provided necessary
support to the men

January 24, 1778, five Congressmen came to Valley
Forge to examine the conditions of the
Continental Army
GW wanted Congress to take control of the army
supply system, pay for the supplies, and
replenish them when necessities were scarce.

24
Wives and Children

Mrs. Washington arrived in February
organized a sewing circle of women who knitted,
crafted, and patched socks, shirts, and trousers
women and children also provided the emotional
support to the army, encouraging them to remain
at camp and continue on training

women averaged 1 to every 44 men, adding up to
around 500 women
Women were relegated to the back of the column
when marching and were forbidden to ride on
wagons
some women lost their lives on the battlefield

March, General Nathanael Greene was appointed
head of the dismal Commissary Department
food and supplies started to trickle in.
By April, Baron von Steuben, a quirky mercenary
who was not really a baron, began to magically
transform threadbare troops into a fighting force
May, brought news of the French Alliance, and
with it the military and financial support of
France.

27
John Dickinson

Born in Talbot County, Maryland
was born to a moderately wealthy family
His father was first judge to the Court of Pleas
in Delaware
studied law at the Temple in London, the most
prestigious education that a young man could hope
for

joined politics as a member of the Pennsylvania
assembly in 1764
drafted the Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress
Wrote Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer
nonimportation and nonexportation agreements
against Gr. Britain

1774 he attended the first Continental Congress
was opposed to a separation from Gr. Britain and
worked very hard to temper the language and
action of the Congress
he abstained from voting on and signing the
Declaration of Independence in order to keep the
avenue opened for reconcilliation

Dickinson was elected again to the Continental
Congress in 1779,
then to the Delaware Assembly in 1780.
He was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 1782
He served there until October, 1785
He joined the Constitutional Convention in
Philadelphia in 1787
joined the chorus of writers promoting the new
constitution, in a series of nine essays, using
the pen name of Fabius

In 1792 he assisted in forming a new constitution
for Delaware.
He wrote another series of articles in 1797.
He shortly thereafter retired from public life to
his home at Wilmington, where he died on the 14th
of February 1808.
Dickinson College, at Carlisle Pennsylvania, is
monument to his memory.

32
Republican Motherhood

Women's role in society was altered by the
American Revolution.
Women who ran households in the absence of men
became more assertive.
Enlightened thinkers knew that a republic could
only succeed if its citizens were virtuous and
educated.

If the republic were to succeed, women must be
schooled in virtue so they could teach their
children
The first American female academies were founded
in the 1790s.
the word republican relates to the foundation
of the United States as a new republic and is not
at all concerned with the modern-day Republican
political party.

gave women a political function
The Great Awakening and the literary
sentimentalism of the late eighteenth century
gave woman the role of upholder and reformer of
society's manners and morals.
As a morally superior being she nurtured virtue
within the home through her influence on her
husband and as teacher of her children.
Therefore, even if women did not take part in
public life, through their role in the home they
could raise their sons to become the upholders of
the virtues needed by freemen in a free society.

The role of Republican Motherhood, then,
recognized the reality of restrictions on women
but also gave them a vital role ensuring the
success of the republic by instilling in its
future generations the moral and political values
necessary for good citizenship.

Although the ideology restricted women to a
narrow political role and may have delayed the
legal recognition of married women as persons at
law, it had a positive effect on women's
education.
Advocates of female education such as Benjamin
Rush were able to argue that girls must be
educated in order for them to properly perform
their domestic function of instructing their sons
in the duties and virtues they would need to
maintain the liberty and self-government won for
them by their fathers.

37
Annapolis Convention

Meeting at the suggestion of James Madison in
Annapolis, Maryland beginning on September 11,
1786, the Annapolis Convention was held to
discuss some issues of interstate trade
only 12 delegates total representing just five
states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, and Virginia)

Alexander Hamilton introduced the following
resolution, calling for the convening of a
special convention to amend the weak Articles of
Confederation for a number of serious defects.
The convention adopted the resolution
unanimously, but because of the few
representatives in attendance, their authority
was limited.

Nevertheless, the Annapolis Convention
Resolution initiated an upswell of reform,
leading ultimately to the meeting of just such a
convention beginning in July 1787.

40
Federalists Papers

Beginning on October 27, 1787 the Federalist
Papers were first published in the New York press
under the signature of "Publius".
These papers are generally considered to be one
of the most important contributions to political
thought made in America.

The essays appeared in book form in 1788, with an
introduction by Hamilton. Subsequently they were
printed in many editions and translated to
several languages.
The pseudonym "Publius" was used by three men
Jay, Madison and Hamilton.
Jay was responsible for only a few of the 85
articles.

The authors not only discussed the issues of the
constitution, but also many general problems of
politics.
The essays had an immediate impact on the
ratification debate in New York and in the other
states.
The demand for reprints was so great that one New
York newspaper publisher printed the essays
together in two volumes entitled The Federalist,
A Collection of Essays, written in favor of the
New Constitution, By a Citizen of New York. By
this time the identity of "Publius," never a
well-kept secret, was pretty well known

The Federalist Papers helps us to more clearly
understand what the writers of the Constitution
had in mind when they drafted that amazing
document 200 years ago.

44
Assumption Bill

Compromise of 1790 refers to the political
accommodations that led to the passage of the
Residence and Assumption Acts in July, 1790,
overcoming a protracted legislative deadlock in
Congress
The compromise averted a political crisis that
contemporaries believed would undermine the newly
organized American nation and lead to disunion

The Compromise of 1790 was the first of three
great compromises made by the North and South
every thirty years in an attempt to keep the
Union together and prevent civil war.

dinner table bargain
the meeting produced a political settlement on
the assumption and residency crisis
the federal government to assume, or take on,
all of the debts accrued by the States during the
Revolutionary War.

benefits included the stabilization of the
economy and the creation of a closer bond between
the people and the federal government
assumption did not sit well with the Southern
states who had been more successful than the
Northern states in paying down their debt.

To the South, the assumption plan seemed to be
showing favoritism to the North. A compromise was
reached by allowing the capital to be placed in
the South.
This carried the strong implication that the
North would not raise serious objections to the
institution of slavery, since the capital would
be located in two slave states, Maryland and
Virginia.

Madison would convince the Virginia congressmen
to support the assumption bill if Hamilton would
convince the New York congressmen to support the
placement of the capital in the South.
Both the Residence Act and the Assumption Bill
passed by narrow margins within a few weeks of
each other.

The excise act, which was to lead to the famous
Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania in 1794, passed
Congress over strong southern opposition.
The tax was expected to provide the additional
revenue needed to cover the cost of the
assumption of state debts.

51
Battle of Fallen Timbers

President George Washington assigns General Mad
Anthony Wayne to build several forts between the
Ohio and Maumee Rivers.
He battles a Native confederacy that includes the
Miami war chief Little Turtle, the Shawnee chief
Blue Jacket, the Lenape (Delaware) chief
Buckongahelas, and 1,000 warriors.
The U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
leads to the signing of the Treaty of Greenville
in 1795.
The treaty opens parts of what would become the
states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and
Wisconsin to settlement.
The Battle of Fallen Timbers is called the last
battle of the American Revolution because it
helps the young nation expand its territory
westward.

As part of the treaty ending the American
Revolution, Great Britain ceded to the new United
States the lands over the Appalachian Mountains
as far west as the Mississippi River.
In Ohio, several Native American tribes came
together in 1785, to form the Western Confederacy
with the goal of dealing jointly with the US.
The following year, they decided that the Ohio
River would serve as the border between their
lands and the US.
In the mid-1780s, the Confederacy began a series
of raids south of the Ohio into Kentucky to
discourage settlement.

53
Henry Knox

Knox was elected Secretary of War by Congress in
1785
1789 he was appointed Secretary of War in
President Washington's new cabinet.
Knox found his service as Secretary of War to
deal with growing unrest in the western frontier
of the little country.

In this role he oversaw the development of
coastal fortifications, worked to improve the
preparedness of local militia, and oversaw the
nation's military activity in the Northwest
Indian War.
He was formally responsible for the nation's
relationship with the Indian population in the
territories it claimed, articulating a policy
that established federal government supremacy
over the states in relating to Indian nations,
and called for treating Indian nations as
sovereign.

Knox was responsible for implementation of the
Militia Act of 1792. This included his evaluation
of the arms and readiness of the militia finding
that only 20 of the 450,000 members of the
militia were capable of arming themselves at
their own expense for militia service as required
by the act.

To resolve this arms shortage, Knox recommended
to Congress that the federal government increase
the purchase of imported weapons, ban the export
of domestically produced weapons and establish
facilities for the domestic production and
stockpiling of weapons

Knox urged and presided over the creation of a
regular United States Navy and the establishment
of a series of coastal fortifications

58
Alien Sedition Acts

A series of laws known collectively as the ALIEN
AND SEDITION ACTS were passed by the Federalist
Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President
Adams.
These laws included new powers to deport
foreigners as well as making it harder for new
immigrants to vote.
Previously a new immigrant would have to reside
in the United States for five years before
becoming eligible to vote, but a new law raised
this to 14 years.

the most controversial of the new laws permitting
strong government control over individual actions
was the SEDITION ACT.
In essence, this Act prohibited public opposition
to the government.
Fines and imprisonment could be used against
those who "write, print, utter, or publish . . .
any false, scandalous and malicious writing"
against the government.

Under the terms of this law over 20 Republican
newspaper editors were arrested and some were
imprisoned.
The most dramatic victim of the law was Rep.
Matthew Lyon Vermont. His letter that criticized
President Adams' "unbounded thirst for ridiculous
pomp, foolish adulation, and self avarice" caused
him to be imprisoned. While Federalists sent Lyon
to prison for his opinions, his constituents
reelected him to Congress even from his jail cell.

The Sedition Act clearly violated individual
protections under the first amendment of the
Constitution however, the practice of "JUDICIAL
REVIEW," whereby the Supreme Court considers the
constitutionality of laws was not yet well
developed.

the justices were all strong Federalists. As a
result, Madison and Jefferson directed their
opposition to the new laws to state legislatures.
The Virginia and Kentucky legislatures passed
resolutions declaring the federal laws invalid
within their states. The bold challenge to the
federal government offered by this strong states'
rights position seemed to point toward imminent
armed conflict within the United States.

Federalists in government now viewed the
persistence of their party as the equivalent of
the survival of the republic. This led them to
enact and enforce harsh laws.
Madison, who had been the chief architect of a
strong central government in the Constitution,
now was wary of national authority. He actually
helped the Kentucky Legislature to reject federal
law

by placing states rights above those of the
federal government, Kentucky and Virginia had
established a precedent that would be used to
justify the secession of southern states in the
Civil War.

at the time, America was threatened by war with
France, Congress was attempting to pass laws that
would give more authority to the federal
government, and the president in particular, to
deal with suspicious persons, especially foreign
nationals

Secretary of State Timothy Pickering was in
charge of enforcing the Alien and Sedition Acts.
He immediately began to read as many Republican
newspapers as he could, looking for evidence of
sedition against President Adams and Congress.

Some Republican newspapers were forced to close
down, and many others were too intimidated to
criticize the government.
One Republican was convicted of sedition for
publishing a pro-Jefferson campaign pamphlet that
accused President Adams of appointing corrupt
judges and ambassadors.
Two men were found guilty of raising a "liberty
pole" and putting a sign on it that said,
"downfall to the Tyrants of America.
Another was arrested, but never tried, for
circulating a petition to repeal the Alien and
Sedition Acts themselves. A drunk was fined 150
for insulting President Adams

In the most bizarre case, the Federalists in the
U.S. Senate formed a special committee to
investigate a Republican editor, William Duane.
Republicans had leaked to him a Federalist
proposal to change how presidential electoral
votes were counted. Duane had printed the law and
written editorials denouncing it. When summoned
to the Senate to face charges of writing "false,
scandalous, defamatory, and malicious
assertions," he went into hiding and secretly
continued writing for his newspaper

The Alien and Sedition Acts provoked a debate
between Republican and Federalist state
legislatures over freedom of speech and the
press.
in a resolution he wrote for the Virginia
legislature, James Madison argued that the
Sedition Act attacked the "right of freely
examining public characters and measures, and of
free communication among the people.
In heavily Federalist Massachusetts, state
legislators responded that a sedition law was
"wise and necessary" to defend against secret
attacks by foreign or domestic enemies.

The Federalists in Congress issued a report
accepting the old English common law definition
of free speech and press. It argued that the
First Amendment only stopped the government from
censoring beforehand any speeches or writings.
The government, argued the Federalists, should be
able to protect itself from false and malicious
words.

Congressman John Nichols, a Republican from
Virginia, challenged this Federalist view. He
asserted that Americans must have a free flow of
information to elect leaders and to judge them
once they were in office. Nichols asked why
government, which should be critically examined
for its policies and decisions, should have the
power to punish speakers and the press for
informing the voters.

In the end, the people settled this debate in
1800 by electing Thomas Jefferson president and a
Republican majority to Congress. In his inaugural
address, Jefferson confirmed the new definition
of free speech and press as the right of
Americans "to think freely and to speak and write
what they think."

With the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts
in the summer of 1798, American national security
was used for the first time as an excuse to
engage in party politics
he Alien and Sedition Acts had two unexpected
long-term legacies they prompted the first
serious defenses of the principles of states'
rights and an almost fundamentalist belief in the
freedom of speech.
Trying to assert federal power and to limit
freedom of speech, the Federalists weakened the
federal government and strengthened free
expression.

Since 1798, this assertion of states' rights has
been used in good and bad causes. Prominent among
the latter is the defense of slavery grounded on
the principles Jefferson and Madison spelled out.
Even now, the states and the federal government
struggle over power.

in what may be a kind of historical felix culpa,
or happy fault, the Sedition Act provoked a more
extensive understanding of freedom of speech than
anyone had considered before. Even Jefferson,
after all, was not opposed to regulating speech
he was simply convinced that it should be done by
the states, not by the federal government