General Pathology I

1
General Pathology I

• Introduction
• Methods

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Pathology

• science on diseases
• causes (etiology)
• mechanisms of formation (pathogenesis)
• development (prognosis)

3
Pathology

• general
• special
• organ
• nosological
• (nosos illness)

4
Methodology of Pathology

• Observation subject
• necropsy (autopsy)
• biopsy
• cytology
• experiment
• animals
• tissue cultures

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Methodology of Pathology

• Observation level
• macroscopy
• microscopy
• ultrastructure

• Special methods
• histochemistry
• immunohistochemistry
• quantitative (computer) image analysis
• genetic methods
• FISH, PCR, CGH,

6
Autopsy

• After the 2nd world war standing decrease
• abroad lt 10, Czech Rep. lt 50
• Aims
• clinicopathological diagnosis
• cause of death
• dg. errors
• therapy effects assessment
• data on old and new diseases
• teaching
• event. medicolegal aspects of death

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Autopsy

• dissection method unchanged since the end of
  19th century
• changes in taking material for special methods
  their employment to cope with clinical questions

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Clinicopathological Diagnosis

• Morbus principalis
• Complicationes
• Causa mortis
• Inventus accesorius
• Epicrisis

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Biopsy

• After the 2nd world war standing increase
• Aims
• nosological diagnosis
• tumour pathology
• staging, grading
• evaluation of therapy efficiency

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Classical Biopsy (formol paraffin
technique)

• simple may be done in two days
• immuno reactions two days more
• further sectioning two days more
• oncol. dg. - WHO classification

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Peroperation Biopsy- Frozen section

• reported DURING MINUTES !!!
• morphological artefacts (combination with
  cytology)
• limited extensity of investigation
• limited time

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Cytology

• After the 2nd world war standing increase
• Aims
• screening
• nosological diagnosis
• evaluation of therapy efficiency

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Morphological Diagnostic Methods

• Clinical
• Pathological

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Morphological Diagnostic Methods

• Clinical
• macroscopy of lesions
• visible with the naked eye
• invisible with the naked eye - IMAGING
  (X-ray, sonography, scintigraphy, endoscopy,
  CT,)
• magnifying glass - colposcopy

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Morphological Diagnostic Methods

• Pathological
• macroscopy
• microscopy
• ultrastructure
• IMAGING

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Morphometric Investigations

• objectivisation refinement
• of diagnostic methods
• staging (e.g. malignant melanoma)
• grading (e.g. kidney carcinoma)

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Pathology

• an extremely exciting medical specialty helping
  to understand
• treat the diseases
• via
• diagnostic service
• for all other specialties