Palisade Mesophyll By: William Avey

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Palisade MesophyllBy William Avey

• Contains the majority of the chloroplasts within
  the leaf, thus it is the main site of
  photosynthesis.
• It has all the generic organelles, and it also
  has chloroplasts, which is unique to plants.

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xylem the vascular tissue in plants that
conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward
from the root and also helps to form the woody
element in the stem. 
there sole purpose is to assist with
the transport of water through vessels and  elonga
ted dead cells 
whom contain no organelles 
prominent organelles  xylem contains many cells
with in its tissue
such as tracheids, vessel elements, and parenchyma
 
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Bundle Sheath Cell

• The are photosynthetic cells around the veins of
  a leaf.
• They are packed very tightly form protection.
• Mitochondria Chloroplasts are important for the
  structure of these cells.
• Chloroplasts are where the Calvin Cycle takes
  place.
• The Calvin Cycle is part of photosynthesis
  (production of sugar from CO2)
• Mitochondria are structural.
• Membrane folds up to cristae.

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Root Hair

• Absorbs water and minerals from
• soil and sends it to the rest of the
• plant
• Have a large vacuole to allow
• more water to be absorbed

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Neutrophil

• Neurtophils are the most abundant type of white
  blood cells in mammals. They form an essential
  part of the innate immune system
• Neutrohpils contain the usual animal cell
  organelles ER, golgi apparatus, nucleus,
  mitochondria. They also have granuoles that get
  released to various stimuli to fight infection
  (WBCs roll)
• Note It only has one nucleus, even though it
  looks like it has more. The nucleus has 2-5
  lobes.

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ROD CELLS
What are they? Photoreceptor cells in the retina
of the eye.
Structure Rod-shaped and contain many stacked
discs. Have a high area for visual pigment thus
allowing for high efficiency light absorption.
Rod cells have a synaptic terminal w/ an inner
and outer terminal. This terminal creates a
synapse with other neurons.
Organelles Rod cells have a nucleus,
mitochondrion, GA, smooth ER, rough ER, ribosomes
and cilium. Cilium are most prominent because
they are responsible for connecting the inner and
outer terminals.
Function Used for low light absorption. Unlike
cone cells, rod cells have no role in coloured
vision.
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Epidermal CellsNick Delaney

• Are the largest, most numerous and least
  specialized of all the different plant cells
• They are formed on the outer-most surfaces of
  leaves, flowers, stems and roots
• Epidermal cells are packed tightly together and
  have thicker cell walls than other types of plant
  tissue
• They produce a protective waxy covering called a
  cuticle
• The functions of epidermal cells include
• Protection from physical and environmental
  damage(e.g. From wind, animals, insects)
• Prevention of water loss
• Reflection of sunlight to protect the plant from
  too much heat
• Regulation of gas exchange and secretion of
  metabolic compounds
• With the exception of some ferns and several
  aquatic plants, epidermal cells contain no
  chloroplast and therefore dont participate in
  photosynthesis

An example of an epidermal cell is onion tissue
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Sperm Cells

• By Shannon Mulholland

Function Carries the males genetic material to
the females egg for fertilization. This genetic
material contributes to the DNA-make-up of the
offspring. The offspring gets half of its
chromosomes from the sperm cell.
Organelles Mitochondria Provides the abundant
amount of energy needed for the sperm cell to
travel the long distance of the female genital
track to get to the egg. Nucleus holds the
cells DNA in its 23 chromosomes which would be
fused with the DNA from the female egg and
produce the DNA of the offspring. Acrosome
This is unique in sperm cells. Used to break
through the exterior barrier of the female egg,
therefore it can enter and fertilize the egg .
(However one sperm cell cannot do this on its
own, it takes many of them to break through this
barrier)
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Schwann Cells
Gordie Sherk
Function The Schwann cells function is to
produce the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath
consists of tightly wrapped layers of plasma
membrane that act as electrical insulators due to
their high lipid content. Schwann cells also play
a role in the repair and regeneration of damaged
nerves.
One of the most prominent organelles in the
Schwann cell is the axon. The axon is the the
most prominent because it conducts electric
impulses away from the Schwann cells cell body.

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Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Involuntary muscle tissue
• Single nuclei and is found in the walls of
  internal organs
• E.g. Stomach, intestine, bladder, etc.
• Mitochondria provides ATP that is needed for the
  contraction of the muscle
• SER is used for calcium storage

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ADIPOSE CELLS/TISSUE

• part of a connective cell tissue
• adipose tissue consists of several cell types,
  the highest amount being adipocytes
• cell consists of 80 fat and exists close to the
  liver, bone marrows, break tissue, and around
  organs and muscle beneath the skin
• cells role is to store energy in the form of
  lipids
• tissue cushions and insulates the body and fills
  the need for hunger and diet for the brain.

• cells are beneficial during exercise
• cells secrete fatty acids, during physical
  activity, that are used by muscles and other
  tissues as a form of energy
• fat stored, within the cells, come from direct
  fats eaten which include fats from carbohydrates
  and some fats from proteins
• also trigger hormonal affects to the body
• cells secrete a fatty substance known as
  prostanoids , which contains a protein hormone
  leptin which regulates the metabolism, body
  weight and reproduction function

ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH CELLS

• 2 types of adipose cells that have similar
  function but different structure
• White adipose cells contain a small cytoplasm,
  large fat droplets and a non-centralized nucleus
  whereas brown adipose cells contain a large
  cytoplasm, a centralized nucleus, numerous
  mitochondria and a variation in fat droplet size
• brown adipose cells do not secrete the fat but
  use the cells mitochondria to generate a heating
  system

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Hepatocyte

• Majority component of liver cells
• Protein Storage and Synthesis
• Regulates the contents of
• blood, digesting helpful
• nutrients and forming
• reactions to break down
• toxins through endocrine and
• exocrine functions
• Creates bile which aids in the digesting of fats
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum can be found in
  abundance

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CONE CELLS
-photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye
By Mia
-responsible for color vision
-Humans have three kinds of cones
 L (respond to long wavelengths), M (medium long
wave lengths, and S (small wave lengths
-have a cone-like shape, at one end where the
pigment filters light coming in
-Every cone cell has a synaptic terminal, an
outer and inner segment
The inner and outer segments are connected by
a cilium
cell membrane  Photopigments MitochondriaNucleu
sContractile vacuole
Organelles found in Cone Cells
Photopigments? pigments that undergo a chemical
change when they absorb light. 
Cell membrane? separates what's inside the cell
from the outside
Mitochondria? generate ATP (cells power plants)
Nucleus? contains all of genetic information
needed
Contractile vacuole? organelle that is involved
in osmosis
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Cardiac Muscle

• Type of muscle found in heart
• Function Contractions of the atria and
  ventricle, causes heart to pump blood
• Consist of cardiac myocytes
• Intercalated discs (between myocytes) have 2
  functions
• - sticks myocytes together so they do not pull
  apart when heart contracts
• -allows electrical connection between the cells
• Similar to skeletal muscle-striated w/ narrow
  dark and light bands
• Similar to smooth muscle-nuclei centrally located

1. Cardiac Cell Muscle
2. Nuclei
3. Intercalated Discs

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INTERNEURON

• Found only in the CNS which includes the brain
  and spinal cord
• Relays message from sensory neurone to motor
  neurone
• Make up the brain and spinal cord
• Organelles include nucleus, mitochondria,
  endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

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Motor Neurons

• Motor neurons are responsible for the contraction
  of groups of muscle fibres (motor units) within
  the body
• Motor neurons only control skeletal (voluntary)
  and smooth (involuntary, eg. Intestinal) muscles
  and some glands, but not cardiac muscles
• A single motor neuron may be in control of
  hundreds of muscle fibres

Motor neurons have all the same basic organelles
that are found in other animal cells, but they
have a very different structure Motor neurons
have a special structure called a synapse that
allows it to pass electrical signals through
it Motor do not have any especially prevalent
organelles, with one exception that is present in
all neurons Motor neurons have a special
organelle called a Nissl Body, which is a free
floating, granular endoplasmic reticulum with
ribosomes. The Nissl body is thought to be the
site of neurotransmitter production
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Skeletal Cell

• The skeletal cells function is the main muscle
  component of the body. It forms muscles that are
  responsible for movements of limbs and posture.
• Mitochondria is prominent because ATP is required
  to make the muscle move.

• By Luke Robinson

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MACROPHAGES
Macrophages are cells produced by the
differentiation of monocytes in tissues.
Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes.
Macrophages function in both non-specific defense
(innate immunity) as well as help initiate
specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity)
of vertebrate animals. Their role is to
phagocytose, or engulf and then digest, cellular
debris and pathogens, either as stationary or as
mobile cells. They also stimulate lymphocytes and
other immune cells to respond to pathogens. They
are specialized phagocytic cells that attack
foreign substances, infectious microbes and
cancer cells through destruction and ingestion.
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T- Cells

• T cells are a type of white blood cell. They help
  the bodys immune system by fighting infection
• T cells can be found in your blood and also in
  lymph nodes.
• They have special T cell receptors on their cell
  membrane which help fight infections

• Hannah Hakes