Introduction to Organ Systems

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Introduction to Organ Systems
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Exam Exemptions

• For all Pre-AP and AP classes, every student
  making commended on their TAKS test will be given
  the opportunity to have their 4th-6th six weeks
  average replace their final exam grade.  The
  teacher will have an EXAM for every student and
  the student must be present on the scheduled day
  of the EXAM.  Students who earn this privilege
  will be expected to put their name on the exam,
  document their desire to have their 4th 6th six
  weeks average replace the exam and then remain
  quiet the entire testing period. 
• For all Level Classes, every student that passes
  their TAKS test will be given the same
  opportunity as above.
• A student in a level class who receives a
  Commended score will have ten(10) points added to
  their exam grade, whether it is the six weeks
  average or the actual grade on the exam.

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Basic Concepts

• Greater complexity requires greater organization.
  A natural hierarchy exists where the smallest
  units (cells) form tissues (connective, muscular,
  skeletal and epithelial) which form organs which
  combine into an organ system.
• Embryonic cells
  differentiate as they develop
  (protostome/deuterostome and germ layers)
• Individual components differ. Form follows
  function means how its shaped is determined by
  what it doesthe principle of complementarity.
• All living things desire fitness (to survive and
  reproduce). To be successful, they must
• use energy
• remove waste
• react to external stimuli (their environment)

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Maintaining Good Health

• Organ systems work together to maintain a steady
  state of health called homeostasis.
• This is accomplished when the brain receives
  information (feedback) to which it responds with
  the appropriate action.
• If the response increases the initial stimulus,
  its called positive feedback.
• Ex uterine contractions during childbirth
• If the response decreases the initial stimulus,
  its called negative feedback.
• Ex sugar levels in blood

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Organ Systems

• Combine to form the complete organism

• Includes
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Endocrine

• Endocrine
• Immune
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Nervous
• Reproductive

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Integumentary System

• Provides a boundary between the internal and
  external environments.
• In humans, consists of hair, nails and
• SKIN two basic layers
• Epidermis- cells filled with protein called
  keratin pigment produced by melanocytes
• Dermis containing sweat glands, oil follicles and
  hair roots

• Hypodermis contains receptors called Pacinian
  corpuscles which detect pressure and vibration.

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UV from sun damages skin

• Use sunscreen EVERY DAY. Every time you burn your
  skin, you increase your chance of getting a
  melanoma.
• Avoid prolonged exposure, especially if you are
  light-skinned
• Reflection from water can cause sunburn even on a
  cloudy day
• Altitude makes a difference! Skiing exposes you
  to more UV than swimming.
• VIDEO Gear Up

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Diagnosing Melanomas ABCD
Asymmetry The shape of one half does not match
the other.
BorderThe edges are often ragged, notched,
blurred, or irregular in outline the pigment
may spread into the surrounding skin.
ColorThe color is uneven. Shades of black,
brown, and tan may be present. Areas of white,
grey, red, pink, or blue also may be seen.
DiameterThere is a change in size, usually an
increase. Melanomas are usually larger than the
eraser of a pencil (1/4 inch or 5 millimeters).
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Is a tan a sign of good health?

• Melanocytes produce pigment.
• Function is to block UV rays.
• Prevent damage to cells, especially those in the
  actively growing layer (basal cells).

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Skeletal System

• Supportive features can be inside (endoskeleton),
  outside (exoskeleton) or composed of fluid
  (hydroskeleton)
• Skeletons made of bone have a solid matrix
  between osteocytes (bone cells)
• Most bony skeletons can be divided into the
• Axial skeleton which lies along the central axis
  and primarily protects organs and the
• Appendicular skeleton which contains the bones of
  the appendages.

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Anatomy of Long Bone

• Spongy bone at ends (epiphyses) often the site
  of red blood cell production
• Compact bone which is dense/hard in shaft
  (diaphysis) contains marrow (energy reservoir)
• Cartilaginous plate turns to bone to increase
  length (grow taller)

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What color is the axial skeleton in this picture?
Our skeleton is held together by ligaments which
connect bone to bone and tendons which connect
muscle to bone.
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Joints

• Provide protection when immovable (like sutures
  in the skull) or provide flexibility when movable
  (shoulders, knees, phalanges, etc.)
• Pads made of cartilage between vertebrae protect
  bones.
• Examples of movable joint types
• Shoulder ball and socket
• Thumb saddle
• Neck pivot
• Elbow hinge
• Foot gliding

Being double jointed means your ligaments are
longer than normal so you can bend more than most
people.
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Muscular System

• Three basic types of muscle
• Cardiac-found only in the heart
• Smooth-found in hollow organs and vessels
• Skeletal-attached to bones
• Muscle cells are called myofibrils
• Special proteins called actin and myosin allow
  muscles to contract.
• Toned muscles stay partially contracted.

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Muscles act in pairs

• Muscles can only pull (not push).
• Other muscle(s) must do the opposite action.
• Example bicep/ tricep, quadriceps/hamstrings
• The origin of a muscle is its attachment on an
  immovable bone.
• The insertion of a muscle is its attachment on a
  bone that moves.

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• Muscles can get their name from the
• size
• fiber direction
• shape
• action or
• location.

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Cardiovascular System

• Consists of blood, heart and vessels
• Liquid matrix called plasma is 92 water and 7
  proteins.
• Plasma carries
• formed elements including
• erythrocytes (red bcs)
• leukocytes (white bcs)
• thrombocytes (platelets)

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Types of Vessels

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
  Largest is the aorta.
• Veins carry blood back to the heart contain
  valves to prevent backflow of blood as it moves
  against gravity. Largest is the vena cava.
• Capillaries very thin walls site of gas
  exchange (O2 ?gt CO2)

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The heart is a double pump. The right side pumps
for pulmonary circulation to the lungs and back.
The left side pumps for systemic (whole body)
circulation.
So which side of the heart is larger?
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Interactive Tutorial
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Lymphatic System

• Clear fluid circulating through body must be
  returned via veins or else edema (swelling)
  results.
• Fluid passes through thousands of lymph nodes
  which contain macrophages to engulf foreign
  particles.
• What is the general direction of lymph flow?

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Endocrine System
A collection of glands that control and
coordinate body function through messengers
called hormones. Label your drawing A pineal
gland B hypothalamus C pituitary gland D
thyroid/parathyroid E thymus F adrenal G
pancreas H ovaries I testes
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Immune System

• White blood cells are on the front line of
  defense
• Immunity can be
• Nonspecific generalized defense mechanisms
• or
• Specific exposure to antigen results in
  production of antibodies

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Response to Injury
http//uhaweb.hartford.edu/bugl/immune.htm
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Respiratory System

• Oxygen is vital to aerobic organisms.
• Respiratory system provides oxygen and removes
  carbon dioxide waste (from cellular respiration).
• Consists of
• Conducting zone which brings air in
• Respiratory zone exchanges gases attaches
  oxygen to hemoglobin molecule
• Air passes nares?pharynx?larynx down the
  cartilaginous trachea where it splits to enter
  right and left lungs via the bronchi
• Bronchus further divides into bronchioles,
  finally ending in alveoli where gas exchange
  occurs

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Respiratory System
(Nares)
Vocal cords are two strings at the top of the
larynx which vibrate as air from the trachea
passes over them.
alveoli
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Digestive System Oral Cavity

• Digestion is both mechanical and chemical.
• Teeth pulverize food to smaller pieces.
• Incisors
• Canine
• Pre-molars
• Molars
• Tongue moves food and
• mixes it with saliva which contains enzymes
• Mixture is now known as a bolus
• Swallowing forces flap (uvula) over epiglottis so
  food goes down the esophagus and not the trachea
• Material now called chyme

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• Swallowing pushes a flap of cartilage
  (epiglottis) over the opening to the trachea
  (glottis) so food doesnt go down your wind pipe

Esophagus
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Chemical Digestion

• Accessory organs secrete materials to aid
  digestion
• Liver produces bile which is stored in gall
  bladder to digest fats
• Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to
  regulate blood sugar levels

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
http//www.lessontutor.com/jm_digestive.html
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Small Intestine

• Food churned with acid
• leaves the stomach and
• enters the small intestine
• Divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• goblet cells secrete mucus to ease passage of
  chyme
• Projections called villi increase surface area to
  maximize absorption of food materials

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Urinary System
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Kidney Structure

• Each kidney contains over
• a million filtering units
• (glomeruli) and tubules
• Arranged in units
• called nephrons
• Filtrate collects in
• renal pelvis
• Urine drains from
• kidney to urinary bladder
• via ureter
• and from bladder
• out via urethra.

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Nervous System
Extensions (dendrites) receive signal
AXON TERMINALS Transmit signal to adjacent
neurons
AXON transmits signal is insulated with myelin
sheath secreted by Schwann cells
CELL BODY (aka soma)

• Controls our interaction with the environment.
• Brain and spinal card central nervous system
• Branching nerves for body peripheral nervous
  system
• Nerve cells called neurons
• sensory neurons receive stimuli
• motor neurons react to stimuli by activating
  response