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Title: Mughal Successor States: 1719-1760s


1
Mughal Successor States 1719-1760s
  • Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah and Hyderabad

2
The Nawabs and the their states
  • nawab comes from the Persian naib, which means
    deputy.
  • Although the Nawbas of Bengal, Awadh, and
    Hyderabad were independent from the Mughal
    Emperor by the mid-18th c. the fiction of Mughal
    supremacy was preserved
  • The khutba continued to be read in the Mughal
    Emperors name, and coins struck in his name as
    well.

3
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4
Hyderabada singular case?
  • Unlike the Northern Nawabi states Hyderabad had a
    more contentious relationship with the Mughal
    court
  • This was based on the tensions b/w the founder of
    the state Nizam-ul Mulk and the nobles at
    courtparticularly Zulfikar Khan and the Sayyid
    Brothers.
  • As the head of the powerful Turani (Central
    Asian) faction the Nizam was free to oppose these
    groups from an independent base

5
Nizam-ul Mulks Family Background
  • Part of the new nobility formed under Aurangzeb
  • Grandfather came from Bukhara during the 1658
    succession crisis, hired by Aurangzeb
  • Father moved from Bukhara as well to join family
    in 1660s.
  • Nizam-ul Mulk the first generation to be born on
    Indian soil

6
Family background Cont.
  • Family from an orthodox Sunni background with
    very close connections to Aurangzebs reforms
  • Grandfather held positions in army and
    administration, including subedaris and as sadr
    (head of religious donations)
  • Father a high-level commander before being
    blinded by smallpox
  • All three generations had extensive experience in
    deccan under Aurangzeb, and their beliefs were
    shaped in that environment

7
Asaf Jah, Nizam-ul Mulk
8
Succession Struggles, 1708-1719
  • When Bahadur Shah came to the throne Nizam-ul
    Mulk was given the subedari of Awadh, but also
    kept distant from politics
  • Zulfikar Khan and the Nizam did not get along,
    however Azim-us-Shan cultivated him
  • During the 1712 succession struggle Nizam-ul Mulk
    and Turanis stay aloof from the battle causing
    the defeat of Zulfikar Khan and Jahandar Shah

9
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10
After 1713
  • Sayyid Brothers anxious to have Nizam-ul Mulk
    kept away from capital, but also suspicious of
    letting him create a base in the deccan
  • Given the subedari of the Deccan province three
    time, recalled twice
  • 1713-1715
  • 1720-22
  • 1722-1748 (becomes independent)

11
Break Discuss reading
12
  • Why did Nizam-ul-Mulk disapprove of the Emperors
    two favoritesHaider Quli Khan and Kuki Jiu?
  • What were Nizam-ul-Mulks relationship with the
    Marathas like during this period?
  • Why did the Mughals fail to curb rebellion in
    Rajasthan?
  • For Chandra, what does the failure of
    Nizam-ul-Mulk to guide imperial policy indicate?

13
Areas of tensions b/w Nizam-ul Mulk and Sayyid
Bros.
  • Dont see eye-to-eye on negotiating with Marathas
    and RajputsSayyid bros. want to reconcile,
    Nizam-ul Mulk favors suppression
  • Disagree about jizya
  • Have different power basesthe Sayyids with local
    gentry and Khanzads, the Nizam with newer Sunni
    aristocracy and Turanis

14
Pattern of recall and engagement
  • In 1713 Nizam-ul Mulk had gone to the Deccan with
    the intention of removing the Marathas, who were
    internally divided
  • Repudiated their claims to sardeshmukhi and
    chauth
  • Orders a new assessment of revenue, more soliders
  • Is recalled when Marathas complain, retreats to
    his jagirs in north and announces his retirement

15
Reign of Muhammad Shah
  • Nizam sent back to the Deccan where things are
    deteriorating in 1720.
  • This time creates a series of secret accords with
    Marathas.
  • Is called back to court in 1722 to become Wazir,
    a position that he had long coveted.
  • Muhammad Shah was hoping to regain control by
    playing with strong group of nobles against the
    other

16
New Strategy and Independence
  • In 1723 meets the Peshwa in Malwa and concludes a
    secret treaty to keep Marathas from expanding
    north
  • Attempts to clean up the politics of Delhi, but
    finds resistance on multiple levels
  • Returns to Deccan and begins a new phase of
    consolidating power in the Deccan.

17
Consolidating Power
  • Creates agreements with local zamindars and
    deshmukhs to bring in revenue
  • Relies on contracts with revenue farmers in areas
    that were further away from capital of Aurangabad
  • Negotiates with Marathas an agreement to use his
    own revenue collectors for Chauth rather than
    allowing a parallel system of revenue collection
    to exist
  • Until death in 1748, system functions smoothly
  • After 1748 French and English become embroiled in
    succession struggle at Hyderabad, henceforth
    English have a resident at the court and the
    Nizams of Hyderabad become dependent on English
    protection.

18
English possession after 1757
19
Questions for Grewal Reading
  • According to Grewal why were the Mughals unable
    to stop the Sikh rebels from becoming powerful
    after they successfully put down Bandas
    rebellion in 1715?
  • In what ways were the Sikhs rise to power
    different from that of the Mughal successor
    states such as Hyderabad?
  • Compare and contrast the Sikhs with the Marathas
    (particularly from Gordons text). In what ways
    are they similar or different?
  • How egalitarian was Sikh rule?
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