Robot/Machine Intelligence - 2

1
Robot/Machine Intelligence - 2

• Kevin Warwick
• Reading University, UK
• Czech Technical University, Praha, CZ

2
Human Intelligence

• Try this test
• 1. Calculate x from x2 2x 3 0
• 2. Which is the odd one out? Cruise, Pitt, Caine,
  Hoffman.
• 3. Which is the odd one out? Ileum, Clavicle,
  Duodenum, Oesophagus
• Each requires different knowledge cultural,
  context, environment dependant
• But how can we compare humans on tests like this?

3
Early Tests!

• Often trying to satisfy a political need
• White/Black Men/Women
• Theory white men are obviously more intelligent
  so we need some scientific pointers to prove it!
• Head size/brain size 1911 52cm diam head for a
  professors job in Germany!!! (excluded women)
• Length of arms
• Distance from navel to sexual organs

4
Testing

• In the 18th Century Sir Francis Galton conducted
  Intelligence tests in the Science Museum London
• Distance between pin pricks
• Boxes in order
• Speed of response to a sound
• Pain threshold
• But no statistical basis at all

5
IQ Tests

• First tests due to Binet in 1904
• Aimed at identifying those children who would not
  be able to cope with normal schooling
• First tests oral for children aged 3 to 12
• Terman (Stanford) included reasoning became
  the IQ test we know
• But no reason they are a valid intelligence
  measure
• Culturally biased

6
Validity

• Statistical evidence that people who do better at
  IQ tests, on average, do better in school exams.
• Newer tests validated by comparing them with
  previous tests
• Spiral support between school exams and IQ tests
• High correlation between job status/IQ test
  performance
• Low correlation between job performance/IQ test
  performance

7
Misuse of Test Results

• Early 19th century Goddard claimed IQ test
  results indicated innate intelligence
• USA experiencing mass immigration then
• Test used to decide on feeble-minded
• Not allowed entry to the USA
• 80Hungarians, 83Jews, 79Italians etc
• Oral tests in English on entry
• Virginia sterilising feeble-minded up to 1972

8
Yerkes

• Tests used for US Army recruits in 1st World War
• Av mental age Italians 11.34, Poles 10.74,
  American Blacks 10.41 classed as morons
• Helped political cause to screen immigration
• Example questions
• 1. Crisco is a medicine/disinfectant/toothpaste/f
  ood product?
• 2. Christy Matthewson is famous as a
  writer/artist/baseball player/comedian?

9
Yerkes results

• Two main peaks in results
• One around 40 the other at 0
• Yerkes conclusion on the 0 - not that people
  didnt understand the instructions but that they
  were morons!
• Immigration Act of 1924
• Many jews found their route blocked in the 1930s
  because of this.
• Subjectivity?????

10
IQ Improvement

• Regular vitamin C, 8 points
• Lead pollution (doubling), -1 point
• Breast fed babies, 3 points
• Use of dummy, - 4 points
• Older mother (35), 6 points
• Adopted/sibling studies

11
Can we improve mental performance?

• Fun with IQ tests!!!
• Two sets of results.
• Q1 If I wish to improve my mental performance in
  the short term what can I do?
• Q2 Can the food I regularly eat affect my mental
  performance?

12
Experiment 1

• 200 first year students at Reading University
  given an IQ test, then an activity food, then
  another IQ test.
• How did their results change over that short time
  period? (IQ points score)
• Trying to answer the question What is it best to
  do immediately before an examination, to maximize
  your performance?

13
Results - Food

• Alcohol 0
• Chocolate -2
• Coffee 3
• Orange Juice -2
• Peanuts 1

14
Results - Activity

• Reading/Swatting -6
• Listening to classical music -2
• Watching a chat show on TV 5
• Playing with a construction toy -4
• Sitting/Chatting
  -2
• Watching a documentary on TV 4
• Walking
  1
• Meditating
  2
• Watching Friends on TV 1
• Completing a crossword puzzle 0

15
Experiment 2

• 50 children (aged 8-11) at Thameside School,
  Caversham were given regular breakfasts over a
  one month period.
• They were tested at start/end and during to see
  how their performance altered.
• IQ equivalent tests in numerical ability/word
  association/shape recognition.

16
Results Breakfast

• Toast Orange Juice 3
• Bacon Sandwich 3
• Control 0
• Cereal -1
• Eggs (various) -5

17
IQ Tests

• Trying to compare human performance
• Which human is more/less intelligent than the
  other?
• Neglect all other factors just test results
• Some (Psychologists) assume we all have an IQ
  which is a fixed number
• But humans have different abilities in different
  areas can a single number indicate some overall
  performance level?

18
Intelligence?

• What does this teach us about human intelligence?
• What does this teach us about intelligence in
  general?
• Can we learn anything from this as far as machine
  intelligence is concerned?

19
Mistakes

• Only compare humans and machines re intelligence
• Penrose Machines do not genuinely understand
• Therefore machines cannot be genuinely
  intelligent
• Therefore machines will always be subservient to
  humans!!!
• Pure Hollywood what folk want to hear.

20
Conclusions

• Human intelligence is appropriate for humans
• It is multi-facetted many-skilled
• It is subjective
• It cannot be well described by a single number
  PQ
• Should compare on an even playing field