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Muscles

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Muscles function, actions and identification of major superficial muscles, some conditions and treatments – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Muscles


1
Muscles
  • function, actions and
  • identification of
  • major superficial muscles, some conditions and
    treatments

2
types of muscles
  • Three structurally and functionally distinct
    types of muscle are found in vertebrates
  • smooth muscle,
  • skeletal muscle and
  • cardiac muscle.

3
functions of skeletal muscles
  • movement
  • posture
  • heat production
  • shape
  • facial expressions
  • chewing, swallowing
  • reflexes

4
naming skeletal muscles
  • Skeletal muscles are named according to
    structural and/or functional characteristics.
  • Location - temporalis (temporal bone) and
    tibialis anterior (front of tibia)
  • Size - maximus (largest), minimus (smallest),
    longus (longest), brevis (shortest)
  • Shape deltoid (triangular), trapezius
    (trapezoid), serratus (saw-like edge)

5
more on naming muscles
  • Direction of fibers rectus (parrallel to
    midline), transverse (perpendicular to midline),
    oblique (diagonal to midline)
  • Number of origins biceps (2), triceps (3),
    quadriceps (4)
  • Origin and insertion sternocleidomastoid is
    named for the two places of origin as well as its
    insertion.
  • Action what the muscle does when at work.

6
actions of skeletal muscles
  • flexion-movement that decreases the angle _at_ a
    joint
  • extension-movement that increases the angle _at_ a
    joint.

7
abd and add
  • abduction-movement of an appendage away from the
    midline.
  • adduction-movement of an appendage towards the
    midline.

8
rotation
  • rotation -turning around the longitudinal axis _at_
    a joint. Can only occur at a pivot (radio-ulna /
    neck) or ball socket (shoulder / hip) joint.
  • circumduction-Is a movement found _at_ ball socket
    (hip shoulder) and condyloid joints (wrist /
    ankle / knuckles).

9
supination - pronation
  • supination -medial rotation of the forearm at the
    Radio Ulna joint, so the palms face up.
  • pronation -Lateral rotation of forearm at the
    Radio Ulna joint, so the palms face down.

10
inversion - eversion
  • inversion - twisting of the foot so that the sole
    faces inward.
  • eversion - Twisting of the foot so that the sole
    faces outward.

11
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
  • dorsiflexion toe towards the knee using
    tibialis anterior
  • plantar flexion point toes using gastrocnemius

12
shoulder girdle movements
  • elevation - Upward movement of the shoulder
    girdle.
  • depression - Downward movement of the shoulder
    girdle..Depression
  • protraction and retraction are all movements
    associated with the shoulder girdle.

13
movements
  • 1. Lateral rotation
  • 2. medial rotation
  • 3. Supination
  • 4. Pronation
  • 5. Eversion
  • 6. Inversion
  • 7. Adduction
  • 8. Abduction

14
What do you know
about these muscles?
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Extensor carpi radialis
  • Latissimis dorsi
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Rectus femoris
  • Deltoid
  • Trapezius
  • Orbicularis oris, Orbicularis oculi
  • Sternocleidomastoideus

15
skeletal muscle facts
  • Skeletal muscle consists of very long tubular
    cells. The average length of skeletal muscle
    cells in humans is about 3 cm (sartorius muscle
    up to 30 cm, stapedius muscle only about 1 mm).
    Their diameters vary from 10 to 100 µm.
  • Skeletal muscle fibres contain many peripherally
    placed nuclei.Up to several hundred rather small
    nuclei with 1 or 2 nucleoli are located just
    beneath the plasma membrane.

16
facts, continued
  • Skeletal muscle fibres show in many preparations
    characteristic cross-striations. It is therefore
    also called striated muscle.
  • Skeletal muscle is innervated by the somatic
    nervous system.
  • Skeletal muscle makes up the voluntary muscle.

17
what students of anatomy learn about the skeletal
muscles
  • over 600 named muscles in human
  • makes up 40-50 of body weight
  • the physiology of muscle action
  • name, location, action, origin, insertion and
    often the nerve that serves the muscle

18
striatedmuscle tissue
19
the players
  • myofibrils contract instantly if ATP and Ca2
    is added to them, meaning that it is these single
    myofibrils which are the force generators in
    muscle cells.

20
sarcomere
  • Striated sarcomeres are separated by Z-discs.
    Two Z-discs bound a sarcomere in the direction of
    stretching. Thin filaments made of Actin are
    attached to each of these discs and extend
    towards each other inside the sarcomere. They do
    not overlap in the sarcomeres striated form. In
    this case there is a dark band visible between
    the Z-discs. This is made up of the thick Myosin
    filaments which overlap partially with the thin
    Actin filaments which extend into a light half of
    the I-Band region left and right of the dark
    A-band.

21
contraction shorten
  • When Myofibrils contract the thin and thick
    filaments move past each other. Each sarcomere
    unit of the myofibrils shortens proportionally to
    the muscle contraction. Upon contraction, it is
    the light bands which shorten whereas the dark
    bands do not change in length. This is explained
    by the Actin filaments sliding into the dark
    region of Myosin filaments.

22
thick and thin
  • Actin - the thin filaments
  • Myosin - the thick filaments

23

24
structure of skeletal muscle
25
contraction
During contraction, actin fibers are pulled
inward a) pulling is by "hooks" on myosin
(myosin heads) b) hooks bend, using energy of
ATP c) each hook pulls, releases, pulls again
until muscle is contracted d) calcium (Ca2)
ions signal this to start -Ca2 into muscle
starts contraction -during relaxation, Ca2 is
transported out  
26
nerves and muscles
27
muscle ends
  • origin-stationary end, the anchor
  • insertion- moved end
  • belly- the area in between

28
CAUTION
  • NOTE These pictures are intended to provide a
    virtual tour of the lab models and specimens. 
    They are not intended to substitute for
    classroom/lab learning. They are simply
    supplemental material for you to use as reminders
    of what you should study or have already studied.

29
superficial muscles
  • Muscles which occupy the layer closest to the
    surface of the skin are called superficial
    muscles. These are easily displayed on a person
    who has developed their physique for show or
    physical performance.

30
major muscles of face
  • frontalis
  • orbicularis oculi
  • nasalis
  • temporalis
  • orbicularis oris
  • zygomaticus major
  • masseter
  • mentalis
  • levator labii superioris

31
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32
Facial muscles around the mouth, directions of
muscle contraction
  • A levator labii superioris
  • B zygomaticus minor
  • C zygomaticus major
  • D risorius
  • E depressor anguli oris
  • F labii inferioris,
  • G orbicularis oris

33
muscles of mastication
  • temporalis
  • medial and lateral pterygoids
  • masseter

34
masseter
  • masseter and directions of the lower jawbone
    movement

35
sternocleidomastoid
  • sternocleidomastoid muscle is the main muscle
    on the side of the neck.

36
neck pain
  • The trapezius muscle is the one that tenses up
    most often. When you see people reaching back to
    massage their shoulders, it is the trapezius
    muscle that they are trying to loosen.
  • The other two muscles that have a tendency to
    tighten up are the sternocleidomastoid (often
    called the sterno-mastoid) and the scalene
    muscles.
  • Keep it Moving! The neck is by far the most
    mobile portion of the spine. Its ROM is generally
    70 to 90 degrees.

37
bones of the neck, review
  • The bones of the neck are called the cervical
    vertebrae.
  • Every mammal on earth, even the giraffe, has 7
    of them. In humans, the cervical vertebrae are
    obviously a lot smaller than those of giraffes.
    They are also a lot smaller than the vertebrae of
    the other areas of the human spine.

38
neck pain?
  • Our necks need to use their mobility in order
    to maintain it. They work best when they can
    consistently move into and out of their full
    range of motion in a gentle - that is, not a
    jarring - way.

39
non-used necks injuries
  • We rotate our necks fully when we look over
    our shoulder and then back the car down the
    driveway. We extend our necks completely when we
    look up at the ceiling.
  • The fact that we do not do these things often
    is one of the major reasons why our necks cause
    us problems. On occasion, when its essential for
    the neck to move to an extreme range of motion,
    it cant cope with the job. Thats when injuries
    occur.

40
muscles of the back
41
trapezius
  • The trapezius covers a large section of the
    upper back. It conceals the upper part of the
    shoulder blade.

42
latissimus dorsi
  • The latissimus dorsi occupy the middle back on
    either side.
  • The gluteus maximus make up the back of the
    buttocks.

43
abdominal muscles
  • 4 muscles of the abdominal area
  • rectus abdominis
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique NS
  • transversus abdominis NS

44
muscles of the arm
45
superficial muscles of the chest and front of the
arm.
  • The shoulder muscles are called deltoids. These
    triangular muscles define the upper shoulders
  • biceps brachii are easily recognizable large
    bumps on the upper inside of the arm
  • The pectoralis muscles span the chest

46
superficial muscles of the posterior arm
  • triceps brachii extends the arm,
    straightening the elbow

47
leg muscles
48
anterior muscles of the thigh
  • Quads extensor of knee
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medius
  • vastus intermedialis
  • sartorius cross leg
  • gracilis adducts leg

49
posterior muscles of the thigh
  • The hamstring muscle group comprises three
    muscles
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendonosus
  • semimembranosus
  • The action of these muscles is to bend the
    knee and extend the hip.

50
adductors of the thigh
  • adductor magnus, longus, brevis and the
    pectineus, make up the adductor group. 
  • Groin pulls are a strain at the attachment of
    the adductors to the pubic bone.

51
major muscle of lower leg - anterior
  • tibialis anterior flexes the foot pulls foot
    toward the knee

52
muscles of lower leg -posterior - calf muscles
  • gastrocnemius is the calf muscle which are each
    divided into two hemispheres.
  • soleus

53
soleus and Achilles tendon
  • This picture illustrates the relationship
    between the superficial gastrocnemius muscle, the
    deeper soleus muscle and the large Achilles
    tendon which is visible attaching to the heel.

54
atrophy - hypertrophy
  • no use
  • average use
  • increased use

55
muscle twitch
  • cycle of contraction and relaxation
  • latent phase

56
tetany
  • Tetany-stimuli is so fast that muscle cannot
    relax - stays contracted
  • (tetanus - bacterial toxin interferes with
    motor neuron function, uncontrolled stimulation)

57
chondromalacia (runner's knee)
  • Wearing away and/or softening of the articular
    cartilage, tissue that covers and protects the
    underside of the patella, the bottom end of the
    femur, and top end of the tibia. It absorbs
    stress to the knee joint and allows the patella
    to track smoothly in its femoral groove.Causes
    Typically, excessive running Symptoms Pain
    around the patella (kneecap), usually occurring
    on the medial (inner) side and below (inferior
    aspect of the patella).

58
doctor and PT
  • Recommended Treatment R.I.C.E. - Rest, Ice,
    Compression, Elevation. Reduce activity to
    promote healing. Avoid downhill runs especially.
    Strengthen surrounding muscles with a
    professionally recommended program. Apply Ice for
    10-15 minutes after each workout to reduce
    inflammation and pain. (If any skin irritation or
    adverse reaction occurs due to icing, see your
    medical doctor). A proper stretching (Quadriceps,
    Iliotibial Band) routine is highly recommended
    pre and post workouts. As with any orthopedic
    injury, a consultation with a sports medicine
    professional is recommended.

59
hamstring strain/tear
  • occurs when excessive or repetitive stress
    causes tearing of the muscle fibers in the
    hamstring.Causes Tight hamstring muscles,
    muscle imbalance, sudden movement, and repetitive
    strain are all common types of hamstring
    injuries. Symptoms A sharp pain may be felt in
    the hamstring when a serious strain or tear
    occurs. This often happens during such action as
    an explosive move in basketball or a quick
    sprint. If you feel a deep ache in the hamstring
    area it may be a less severe strain or minor
    tear.

60
intramuscular injection
  • intramuscular injection delivers medicine
    directly into the muscle
  • deltoid
  • gluteus medius

61
injections
62
muscular disorders
  • Atrophy
  • decrease in size of muscle fibers
  • Disuse atrophy - bedridden individuals, casts
  • Denervation atrophy - loss of nerves and muscle
    function
  • Muscular Dystrophy - (Duchenne MD)
  • Loss of muscle fibers
  • Linked to young males (ages 3-5)
  • Lacking certain protein thus allows too much
    Ca into cell this leads to cell death and
    replacement with scarring

63
muscular disorders
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • autoimmune disease
  • antibodies bind to ACh receptors
  • atrophy of muscle fibers
  • drugs that keep levels of ACh high are used

64
what happens in rigor mortis?
  • Ca pumps run out of ATP
  • Ca cannot be removed
  • continuous contraction
  • eventually tissues break down

65
muscles of the face, review
66
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68
references
  • Link Publishing
  • www.linkpublishing.com
  • Texas Tech University
  • www.biol.ttu.edu/Z2403/large20AP20pics
  • humanback.htm
  • PE World
  • http//www.peworld.org/anatomy/muscles.htm
  • Pro Tech Athletics
  • www.pro-tecathletics.com/ kneeinjuries.htm
  • Insite Fitness
  • www.insitefitness.com.au/
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