Confucian Moral Psychology and Cognitive Science

1
Confucian Moral Psychology and Cognitive Science
Lecture 3
Edward Slingerland University of British Columbia
2
Cognitive Science and Confucian Virtue Ethics
The Situationist Critique and Early Confucian
Virtue Ethics, Ethics 121.2 (January 2011)
390-419. Also selected as a target article for
discussion on the Philosophy blog Pea Soup
http//peasoup.typepad.com/ Of What Use Are
the Odes? Cognitive Science, Virtue Ethics, and
Early Confucian Ethics, Philosophy East West
61.1 (January 2011) 80-109. To be reprinted in
New Directions in Chinese Philosophy (ed. Cheng
Chung-yi and Cheung Chan-fai), Chinese University
of Hong Kong Press, 2013.
my website http//faculty.arts.ubc.ca/eslingerland
/index.html
3
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of
Morals
4
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of
Morals

• people of sympathetic temper, who take an
  inner pleasure in spreading happiness around
  them
• amiable, but actions of no genuinely moral
  worth
• because actions done out of inclination (aus
  Neigung) rather than out of duty (aus Pflicht)

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Whats so bad about Neigung?
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Whats so bad about Neigung?

• arbitrary (subjective)

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Whats so bad about Neigung?

• arbitrary (subjective)
• unreliable (changeable)

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Whats so bad about Neigung?

• arbitrary (subjective)
• unreliable (changeable)
• heteronomous

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Whats so bad about Neigung?

• arbitrary (subjective)
• unreliable (changeable)
• heteronomous
• alien to our true, rational natures

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Whats so bad about Neigung?

• arbitrary (subjective)
• unreliable (changeable)
• heteronomous
• alien to our true, rational natures

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Rationalism
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Rationalism

• human reasoning, judgment and decision-making

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Rationalism

• human reasoning, judgment and decision-making
• amodal (not subserved in any significant manner
  by sensory-motor systems or our embodiment)

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Rationalism

• human reasoning, judgment and decision-making
• amodal (not subserved in any significant manner
  by sensory-motor systems or our embodiment)
• propositional

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Rationalism

• human reasoning, judgment and decision-making
• amodal (not subserved in any significant manner
  by sensory-motor systems or our embodiment)
• propositional
• fully conscious (transparent)

16
Rationalism

• human reasoning, judgment and decision-making
• amodal (not subserved in any significant manner
  by sensory-motor systems or our embodiment)
• propositional
• fully conscious (transparent)
• cleanly separable from emotions

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Challenge to rationalism
18
Challenge to rationalism
Embodied cognition challenge to disembodied
rationalism
19
Challenge to rationalism
Embodied cognition challenge to disembodied
rationalism
Traditional Chinese ethics, with its emphasis
on the embodied, social agent
20
Challenge to rationalism
Embodied cognition challenge to disembodied
rationalism
Traditional Chinese ethics, with its emphasis
on the embodied, social agent

• can be productively brought into dialogue

21
Challenge to rationalism
Embodied cognition challenge to disembodied
rationalism
Traditional Chinese ethics, with its emphasis
on the embodied, social agent

• can be productively brought into dialogue
• insights from each can inform, flesh out the other

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Challenge to rationalism
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Challenge to rationalism

• emotions crucial for reason

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Challenge to rationalism

• emotions crucial for reason
• - emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function

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Antonio Damasio
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emotion and reason

• Gage syndrome patients
• damaged ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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emotion and reason

• Gage syndrome patients
• damaged ventromedial prefrontal cortex
• higher cognitive faculties intact
• short- and long-term memories
• abstract reasoning skills
• mathematical aptitude
• performance on standard IQ tests

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emotion and reason

• Gage syndrome patients
• damaged prefrontal cortex
• higher cognitive faculties intact
• short- and long-term memories
• abstract reasoning skills
• mathematical aptitude
• performance on standard IQ tests
• specific impairment ability to experience and
  process emotions

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emotion and reason

• Elliot
• continued to score well above average on IQ test

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emotion and reason

• Elliot
• continued to score well above average on IQ test
• scored very well on the Kohlbergian scale of
  moral reasoning ability (Standard Issue Moral
  Judgment Interview)

31
emotion and reason

• Elliot
• continued to score well above average on IQ test
• scored very well on the Kohlbergian scale of
  moral reasoning ability (Standard Issue Moral
  Judgment Interview)
• absolutely useless as real-life reasoner

32
emotion and reason

• Elliot
• continued to score well above average on IQ test
• scored very well on the Kohlbergian scale of
  moral reasoning ability (Standard Issue Moral
  Judgment Interview)
• absolutely useless as real-life reasoner
• possessed elaborate theoretical knowledge about
  what he should or could do, but completely unable
  to actually decide what to do

33
emotion and reason

• Elliot
• nice controlled experiment of a sort

34
emotion and reason

• Elliot
• nice controlled experiment of a sort
• possesses everything Kant says is necessary

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emotion and reason

• Elliot
• nice controlled experiment of a sort
• possesses everything Kant says is necessary
• completely incapable of making rational decisions

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emotion and reason

• Elliot
• nice controlled experiment of a sort
• possesses everything Kant says is necessary
• completely incapable of making rational decisions
• strongly suggests that embodied emotions play a
  foundational role in ethical decision-making and
  practical reasoning

37
Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• moral evaluations and gut reactions

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moral evaluations gut reactions

• Hume moral sentiments as foundational
• moral knowledge the result of immediate feeling
  and finer internal sense (Enquiry)

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moral evaluations gut reactions

• Hume moral sentiments as foundational
• moral knowledge the result of immediate feeling
  and finer internal sense (Enquiry)
• Jonathan Haidt social intuitionist model of
  moral judgment
• Haidt, Jonathan. 2001. The emotional dog and its
  rational tail A social intuitionist approach to
  moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108,
  813834

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moral evaluations gut reactions

• Hume moral sentiments as foundational
• moral knowledge the result of immediate feeling
  and finer internal sense (Enquiry)
• Jonathan Haidt social intuitionist model of
  moral judgment
• Haidt, Jonathan. 2001. The emotional dog and its
  rational tail A social intuitionist approach to
  moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108,
  813834
• emotional reactions are often primary causal
  force in moral judgments

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moral evaluations gut reactions

• Hume moral sentiments as foundational
• moral knowledge the result of immediate feeling
  and finer internal sense (Enquiry)
• Jonathan Haidt social intuitionist model of
  moral judgment
• neo-Humeans
• Shaun Nichols. Sentimental Rules. Oxford 2002
• Jesse Prinz. The Emotional Construction of
  Morals. Oxford 2007

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moral evaluations gut reactions

• Hume moral sentiments as foundational
• moral knowledge the result of immediate feeling
  and finer internal sense (Enquiry)
• Jonathan Haidt social intuitionist model of
  moral judgment
• neo-Humeans
• Hume with evidence

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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• moral evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions

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innate moral emotions
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innate moral emotions

• empathy

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innate moral emotions

• empathy
• justice

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innate moral emotions

• empathy
• justice
• disgust /shame

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innate moral emotions

• empathy
• justice
• disgust /shame
• each of these emotions has its own unique
• trigger conditions
• subjective feeling
• objective behaviors
• entailments

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innate moral emotions

• empathy
• justice
• disgust /shame
• each of these emotions has its own unique
• trigger conditions
• subjective feeling modular
• objective behaviors
• entailments

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innate moral emotions

• empathy
• justice
• disgust /shame
• each of these emotions has its own unique
• trigger conditions
• subjective feeling modular
• objective behaviors
• entailments
• does not sit well with idea that moral reasoning
  is amodal and universal

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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• strong (moral) evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions
• There is No Unitary Self in Charge

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unitary self

• Rationalist model of decision-making requires a
  unitary, conscious self
• the locus of rationality and will
• maxim follower or utilitarian calculator
• even if failed ruler (weakness of will), aware
  that it failed

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no homunculus
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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• strong (moral) evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions
• There is No Unitary Self in Charge
• rationales are often ex post facto

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rationality as lawyer, not legislator
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rationality as lawyer, not legislator

• Haidt conscious moral reasoning is usually a
  post hoc construction, generated after a judgment
  has been reached (2001 814)

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rationality as lawyer, not legislator

• Haidt conscious moral reasoning is usually a
  post hoc construction, generated after a judgment
  has been reached (2001 814)
• Tim Wilson 2002 Strangers to ourselves
  Discovering the adaptive unconscious
• often dont know what were doing or why

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rationality as lawyer, not legislator

• Haidt conscious moral reasoning is usually a
  post hoc construction, generated after a judgment
  has been reached (2001 814)
• Tim Wilson 2002 Strangers to ourselves
  Discovering the adaptive unconscious
• often dont know what were doing or why
• when questioned, strongly motivated to concoct
  plausible-sounding but dubious justifications

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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• strong (moral) evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions
• There is No Unitary Self in Charge
• rationales are often ex post facto
• importance of automaticity (top-down control is
  expensive)

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automaticity

• evolution seems to have off-loaded the vast bulk
  of our everyday decision-making and
  judgment-formation onto automatic, unconscious
  systems

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automaticity

• evolution seems to have off-loaded the vast bulk
  of our everyday decision-making and
  judgment-formation onto automatic, unconscious
  systems
• because such systems are fast, frugal, and
  reliable

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automaticity

• evolution seems to have off-loaded the vast bulk
  of our everyday decision-making and
  judgment-formation onto automatic, unconscious
  systems
• because such systems are fast, frugal, and
  reliable
• most of everyday judgment/ decision making is

63
automaticity

• evolution seems to have off-loaded the vast bulk
  of our everyday decision-making and
  judgment-formation onto automatic, unconscious
  systems
• because such systems are fast, frugal, and
  reliable
• most of everyday judgment/ decision making is
• unconscious

64
automaticity

• evolution seems to have off-loaded the vast bulk
  of our everyday decision-making and
  judgment-formation onto automatic, unconscious
  systems
• because such systems are fast, frugal, and
  reliable
• most of everyday judgment/ decision making is
• unconscious
• automatic

65
top-down control

• the brain systems associated with abstract
  reasoning and cognitive control can, at least
  sometimes, bring these implicit biases and other
  sorts of emotions into consciousness in order to
  modify or override them

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top-down control

• the brain systems associated with abstract
  reasoning and cognitive control can, at least
  sometimes, bring these implicit biases and other
  sorts of emotions into consciousness in order to
  modify or override them
• however it is equally clear that conscious
  self-control is an extremely limited resource

67
top-down control

• the brain systems associated with abstract
  reasoning and cognitive control can, at least
  sometimes, bring these implicit biases and other
  sorts of emotions into consciousness in order to
  modify or override them
• however it is equally clear that conscious
  self-control is an extremely limited resource
• ego depletion (Baumeister)

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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• strong (moral) evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions
• There is No Unitary Self in Charge
• rationales are often ex post facto
• automaticity /top-down control is expensive
• power of situational effects

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situation

• Our behavior is often powerfully and
  unconsciously effected by

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situation

• Our behavior is often powerfully and
  unconsciously effected by
• physical environment (temperature, colors,
  cleanliness)
• interpersonal environment (posture, dress,
  expression)
• institutional environment (authority, social
  markers)
• linguistic environment (priming, framing)

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situation

• Our behavior is often powerfully and
  unconsciously effected by
• physical environment (temperature, colors,
  cleanliness)
• interpersonal environment (posture, dress,
  expression)
• institutional environment (authority, social
  markers)
• linguistic environment (priming, framing)
• extreme situationist critique (Doris, Harman)
  of personality an exaggeration
• Slingerland, Edward. 2011. The situationist
  critique and early Confucian virtue ethics.
  Ethics 121 (2)390-419.

72
situation

• Our behavior is often powerfully and
  unconsciously effected by
• physical environment (temperature, colors,
  cleanliness)
• interpersonal environment (posture, dress,
  expression)
• institutional environment (authority, social
  markers)
• linguistic environment (priming, framing)
• extreme situationist critique (Doris, Harman)
  of personality an exaggeration
• but they are right about attribution error
  regarding relative power of personality and
  environment

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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• strong (moral) evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions
• There is No Unitary Self in Charge
• rationales are often ex post facto
• automaticity /top-down control is expensive
• Thought is Image-based

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thought is image-based
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thought is image-based

• Barsalou, Lawrence perceptual symbol
  account(1999. Perceptual symbol systems.
  Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-609)

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thought is image-based

• Barsalou, Lawrence perceptual symbol
  account(1999. Perceptual symbol systems.
  Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-609)
• abstract symbols derived from and always grounded
  in perception

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thought is image-based

• Barsalou, Lawrence perceptual symbol
  account(1999. Perceptual symbol systems.
  Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-609)
• abstract symbols derived from and always grounded
  in perception
• Lakoff Johnson conceptual metaphor theory

78
thought is image-based

• Barsalou, Lawrence perceptual symbol
  account(1999. Perceptual symbol systems.
  Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-609)
• abstract symbols derived from and always grounded
  in perception
• Lakoff Johnson conceptual metaphor theory
• sensory-motor analog patterns basis of abstract
  thought
• entailments come from analogue, imagistic
  reasoning

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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• strong (moral) evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions
• There is No Unitary Self in Charge
• rationales are often ex post facto
• automaticity /top-down control is expensive
• Thought is Image-based
• categories are usually radial / prototype-based

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Radial / Prototype categorization

• not Aristotelian categories

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Radial / Prototype categorization

• not Aristotelian categories
• pattern-matching with stored prototypes

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Challenge to rationalism

• Emotions Crucial for Reason
• emotional-somatic reactions perform crucial
  biasing / filtering function
• strong (moral) evaluations and gut reactions
• foundation role of innate moral emotions
• There is No Unitary Self in Charge
• rationales are often ex post facto
• automaticity /top-down control is expensive
• Thought is Image-based
• categories are usually radial / prototype-based
• moral reasoning and training are metaphoric /
  analogical

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learning as imagistic extension

• moral education involves training
  individualsexplicitly or implicitlyto develop
  more and more sophisticated imagistic models
  (concepts)

84
learning as imagistic extension

• moral education involves training
  individualsexplicitly or implicitlyto develop
  more and more sophisticated imagistic models
  (concepts)
• this involves being able to extend them in a
  consistent manner

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learning as imagistic extension

• moral education involves training
  individualsexplicitly or implicitlyto develop
  more and more sophisticated imagistic models
  (concepts)
• this involves being able to extend them in a
  consistent manner
• primarily through the use of metaphors or
  analogies

86
learning as imagistic extension

• moral education involves training
  individualsexplicitly or implicitlyto develop
  more and more sophisticated imagistic models
  (concepts)
• this involves being able to extend them in a
  consistent manner
• primarily through the use of metaphors or
  analogies
• both internal moral reasoning and public moral
  debate will often take the form of battling
  metaphors

87
learning as imagistic extension

• moral education involves training
  individualsexplicitly or implicitlyto develop
  more and more sophisticated imagistic models
  (concepts)
• this involves being able to extend them in a
  consistent manner
• primarily through the use of metaphors or
  analogies
• both internal moral reasoning and public moral
  debate will often take the form of battling
  metaphors
• Is the U.S. position in Afghanistan a quagmire
  like Vietnam?

88
learning as imagistic extension

• moral education involves training
  individualsexplicitly or implicitlyto develop
  more and more sophisticated imagistic models
  (concepts)
• this involves being able to extend them in a
  consistent manner
• primarily through the use of metaphors or
  analogies
• both internal moral reasoning and public moral
  debate will often take the form of battling
  metaphors
• Is the U.S. position in Afghanistan a quagmire
  like Vietnam?
• Is moral cultivation like carving a willow tree
  into cups and bowls, or like helping a plant to
  grow?

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In defense of habit

• if bulk of our everyday cognition is

90
In defense of habit

• if bulk of our everyday cognition is
• emotion-based

91
In defense of habit

• if bulk of our everyday cognition is
• emotion-based
• unconscious or semi-conscious

92
In defense of habit

• if bulk of our everyday cognition is
• emotion-based
• unconscious or semi-conscious
• automatic

93
In defense of habit

• if bulk of our everyday cognition is
• emotion-based
• unconscious or semi-conscious
• automatic
• image-based, imaginative

94
In defense of habit

• if bulk of our everyday cognition is
• emotion-based
• unconscious or semi-conscious
• automatic
• image-based, imaginative
• reasonable to conclude that training desirable
  habits might be a more reliable way to ensure
  ethical behavior

95
In defense of habit

• virtue ethics

96
In defense of habit

• virtue ethics
• virtues arguably stable, desirable habits

97
In defense of habit

• virtue ethics
• virtues arguably stable, desirable habits
• despite bad-mouthing that habit gets even among
  virtue ethicists

98
In defense of habit

• virtue ethics
• virtues arguably stable, desirable habits
• despite bad-mouthing that habit gets even among
  virtue ethicists
• still influenced by the ghost of Kant

99
In defense of habit

• habits are not unintelligent or inflexible

100
In defense of habit

• habits are not unintelligent or inflexible
• goal-dependent automaticity quite effective and
  flexible (when necessary)
• Bargh et al 2001
• Chartrand and Bargh 1996

101
cognitive science virtue ethics

• debate between defenders of virtue ethics,
  utilitarianism and deontology at least 2,500
  years old

102
cognitive science virtue ethics

• debate between defenders of virtue ethics,
  utilitarianism and deontology at least 2,500
  years old
• evidence from cognitive science could help at
  least partially settle it

103
Meta-Ethical Aside

• so just about education, training?
• NO
• no such thing as purely cold cognition
• deontology
• emotional foundation
• utilitarianism
• objective math performed on metaphorical
  entities

104
Confucian virtue ethics
105
Confucian virtue ethics

• early Confucians never drank the disembodied
  rationality Kool-Aid

106
Confucian virtue ethics

• early Confucians never drank the disembodied
  rationality Kool-Aid
• model of moral reasoning, education might have
  something to useful to say in contemporary context

107
Confucian virtue ethics emotion

• Mencian ethics Morality is based upon emotions /
  gut reactions

108
Confucian virtue ethics emotion

• Mencian ethics Morality is based upon emotions /
  gut reactions
• sprouts, hearts, are intelligent emotional
  responses to the perception of value

109
Confucian virtue ethics emotion

• Mencian ethics Morality is based upon emotions /
  gut reactions
• sprouts, hearts, are intelligent emotional
  responses to the perception of value
• even content of the sprouts seems a pretty good
  first approximation

110
Mencian sprouts

• Ren ?
• empathetic response like the burenzhixinelicited
  by both real situations (drowning sister in law,
  ox being led to slaughter) and imagined (child
  and well)basic mammalian moral emotion

111
Mencian sprouts

• Ren ?
• empathetic response like the burenzhixinelicited
  by both real situations (drowning sister in law,
  ox being led to slaughter) and imagined (child
  and well)basic mammalian moral emotion
• Yi ?
• indignant refusal to accept unfair offers in
  Ultimatum Game like beggar in 6A10

112
Mencian sprouts

• Ren ?
• empathetic response like the burenzhixinelicited
  by both real situations (drowning sister in law,
  ox being led to slaughter) and imagined (child
  and well)basic mammalian moral emotion
• Yi ?
• indignant refusal to accept unfair offers in
  Ultimatum Game like beggar in 6A10
• Li ?
• role of disgust in moral judgments (Rozin, Haidt)

113
Other Mencian parallels

• Moral education is about imaginative extension /
  sympathetic imagination

114
Other Mencian parallels

• Moral education is about imaginative extension /
  sympathetic imagination
• primary tool is metaphor and analogy

115
Other Mencian parallels

• Moral education is about imaginative extension /
  sympathetic imagination
• primary tool is metaphor and analogy
• supplemented with ritual, music, prototype
  modeling

116
hot vs. cold cognition
117
hot vs. cold cognition
Hot Cold
emotional non-emotional
fast, frugal slow, expensive
automatic under executive control
mostly unconscious mostly conscious
118
hot vs. cold cognition
Hot Cold
emotional non-emotional
fast, frugal slow, expensive
automatic under executive control
mostly unconscious mostly conscious
gt two systems can and often do interact
119
hot vs. cold cognition
Hot Cold
emotional non-emotional
fast, frugal slow, expensive
automatic under executive control
mostly unconscious mostly conscious
gt relative, not absolute difference
120
hot vs. cold cognition

• One way to look at Confucian ethics

121
hot vs. cold cognition

• One way to look at Confucian ethics
• time-delayed cognitive control

122
hot vs. cold cognition

• One way to look at Confucian ethics
• time-delayed cognitive control
• embedding higher-level desires and goals in
  lower-level emotional and sensory-motor systems

123
hot vs. cold cognition

• One way to look at Confucian ethics
• time-delayed cognitive control
• embedding higher-level desires and goals in
  lower-level emotional and sensory-motor systems
• i.e., embedding results of cold cognition into
  hot systems

124
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual
125
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ????????????,????,?????????????,????????,????

126
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ????????????,????,?????????????,????????,????
• gt hot cognition run wild!

127
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ??????

128
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ??????
• hot cognition too!

129
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ??????,???????,?????,????????????,?????????????,??
  ?????

130
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ??????,???????,?????,????????????,?????????????,??
  ?????
• process of self-cultivation

131
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ??????,???????,?????,????????????,?????????????,??
  ?????
• process of self-cultivation
• embeds the fruits of cold-cognition (how to best
  distribute limited resources)

132
E.g., Xunzi and creation of ritual

• Discourse on Ritual
• ??????,???????,?????,????????????,?????????????,??
  ?????
• process of self-cultivation
• embeds the fruits of cold-cognition (how to best
  distribute limited resources)
• into hot processes (ritually-transformed desires)

133
Valuing habit over reflection
134
Valuing habit over reflection

• Xunzis ranking of levels of achievement

135
Valuing habit over reflection

• Xunzis ranking of levels of achievement
• scholar-official (shi ?)
• gentleman (junzi ??)
• sage (shengren ??)

136
Valuing habit over reflection

• Xunzis ranking of levels of achievement
• scholar-official (shi ?)
• gentleman (junzi ??)
• sage (shengren ??)

137
Valuing habit over reflection

• Xunzis ranking of levels of achievement
• scholar-official (shi ?)
• gentleman (junzi ??) increasingly hot
• sage (shengren ??)

138
Valuing habit over reflection

• Xunzis ranking of levels of achievement
• scholar-official (shi ?)
• gentleman (junzi ??) increasingly hot
• sage (shengren ??)
• gt effortless action (wuwei ??) as mark of
  highest level of moral achievement

139
Valuing habit over reflection

• Xunzis ranking of levels of achievement
• scholar-official (shi ?)
• gentleman (junzi ??) increasingly hot
• sage (shengren ??)
• effortless action (wuwei ??) as mark of
  highest level of moral achievement
• precisely the opposite of Kants valuation

140
hot vs. cold cognition

• Characteristic feature of Confucian ethics

141
hot vs. cold cognition

• Characteristic feature of Confucian ethics
• replacement of

142
hot vs. cold cognition

• Characteristic feature of Confucian ethics
• replacement of
• exertion of conscious will-power

143
hot vs. cold cognition

• Characteristic feature of Confucian ethics
• replacement of
• exertion of conscious will-power
• on-line, rational decision-making

144
hot vs. cold cognition

• Characteristic feature of Confucian ethics
• replacement of
• exertion of conscious will-power
• on-line, rational decision-making
• with
• self-activating, carefully-designed, automatic
  habits

145
Confucian ethics
146
Confucian ethics

• designed a model of moral education that draws
  upon but also reshapes our embodied habits and
  perceptions

147
Confucian ethics

• designed a model of moral education that draws
  upon but also reshapes our embodied habits and
  perceptions
• important corrective to fetishization of
  disembodied reason in the last few hundred years
  of Western ethical thought

148
Confucian ethics

• designed a model of moral education that draws
  upon but also reshapes our embodied habits and
  perceptions
• important corrective to fetishization of
  disembodied reason in the last few hundred years
  of Western ethical thought
• empirically plausible and valuable resource for
  contemporary ethical theory and education