AFRICA REVIEW

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AFRICA REVIEW
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Geography

• FEATURES
• SAHARA DESERT
• GREAT RIFT VALLEY
• NILE RIVER
• KALAHARI DESERT
• ATLAS MOUNTAINS
• LAKE VICTORIA
• CONGO RIVER

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Effects of Geography

• FEATURE EFFECT
• SAHARA DESERTIFICATION
• DESERT
  ACTS AS A BARRIER TO
• 
  TRADE AND TRAVEL
• 
  
• 
  LACK OF FERTILE FARM LAND
• NILE RIVER FERTILE VALLEY, SILT
• 
  
• OTHER RIVERS WATER FALLS, RAPIDS,
  CATARACTS
• 
  MAKE TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT BUT
• 
  SOMETIMES GOOD FOR HYDROELECTRIC
  POWER

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GEOGRAPHY CONTINUED

• RESOURCES
• Gold and diamonds in South Africa
• Rubber and Ivory in the Congo
• GREAT RIFT VALLEY
• Made travel and trade difficult.
• Influenced migration forcing people to move in a
  north-south direction. 100 mile wide canyon

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Geography
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Ancient World 4000 BC to AD 400

• Egypt along Nile River
• Gift of the Nile flooding, irrigation,
  drinking water
• Polytheistic Amon-Re, Osiris, after life
• Pyramids and mummification
• Government Pharaoh,

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BANTU MIGRATIONS

• Bantu people from West Africa migrated South and
  East in search of fertile land
• Between 500 BC and 1500 AD Bantu settlers spread
  knowledge of farming, ironworking and language.
• Today 1/3 of Africans speak a language in the
  Bantu family

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Islamic Influences

• In the late 600s the Muslim traders carried Islam
  into North Africa
• Muslim and North African forces worked together
  to conquer Spain

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Africa 1200-1650

• Traditional Society and Culture
• Village Government
• Family Patterns
• Religious Beliefs Animism

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African Kingdoms

• Ghana
• 800-1000
• Controls Gold Salt trade
• King has Muslim advisors

• Mali
• 1200-1450
• Mali conquers Ghana
• Mansa Musa
• Controls gold trade routes
• Timbuktu

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African Kingdoms

• Songhai
• 1450-1600
• Grows into largest West African State
• Controls trade routes
• Emperor sets up a Muslim dynasty

• Axum
• Located on the Red Sea
• Trade network linking Africa, India Medit.
• Mixing of Jewish and Christian religions

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Africas Role in Global Trade

• Hausa (present day Nigeria) control trade
  routes across Sahara
• Benin -rainforest of Guinea Coast- traded Ivory,
  pepper and eventually slaves,
• Cast bronze and brass
• East African City-States
• Booming trade with India, birth of a new
  language Swahilli

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Early Encounters

• 1400s Portuguese and 1600s Dutch try and push
  into interior of Africa.
• Dutch settle at Cape Town and enslave some
  Africans.
• Boers Dutch farmers

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Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage

• Causes
• Labor shortage
• Workers for plantations

• Effects
• Middle Passage with terrible conditions
• Millions die due to disease
• Decimate tribes in Africa
• Legacy of racism
• Cultural Diffusion

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IMPERIALISM

• Domination by one country of the Political Social
  and Economic life of another country or region
• Political, Economic Social Industrial
  Revolution
• Social Darwinism
• Military Economic Motives
• White Mans Burden

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Remember Africa
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THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA1850-1914

• By the late 1800s, European powers began
  colonizing Africa
• From the 1500s 1800s, European traders sold
  African slaves and traded along the coast
• Christian missionaries tried to convert African
  people, but often tried to replace native culture
  with their own
• White Mans Burden

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THE PARTITION OF AFRICA

• By 1870s, King Leopold of Belgium forms a trading
  company in the Congo, other European nations join
  quest for land
• 1884 Berlin Conference meeting to set up rules
  for colonizing Africa, NO AFRICANS INVITED

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CONFLICTS FOR COLONIES

• In southern Africa, Shaka organized Zulu warriors
  to fight Europeans, others resisted imperialism
  too
• Ethiopia successfully fights off Italy 1896
• British and Dutch farmers fight Boer War
  1899-1902 over South Africa

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WITHIN 20 YEARS OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

• The entire continent of Africa is partitioned
  among the European powers
• (with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia)

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AFRICA POLITICAL DIVISIONS IN 1913 Percentage of
Africa Controlled by European Countries in 1913

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EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISMON AFRICA

• POSITIVES
• European medicines and improved nutrition
  increase life span and help expand the African
  population
• Modern transportation and communications
  introduced (telegraphs, RR, steamships,
  telephone)
• Small minority received improved education, econ.
  opportunities

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EFFECTS CONT.

• NEGATIVES
• European domination eroded traditional African
  values, socially and politically
• African people treated as inferiors
• Workers subjected to long hours, low pay,
  mistreatment (human rights violations, but do not
  confuse with slave trade)
• Africa divided artificially, Euros. Ignore
  tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries
• Divisions have led to ongoing (as in still
  today!) tribal clashes in many countries

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Africa Since WW II

• Nationalism
• Dealing with Colonial Legacy
• Divisions without concern for tribal boundaries
• Lack of educated leaders
• Economic dependence

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Algeria 1954-1962

• French wanted to keep Arab-Berber people from
  winning independence
• Muslim Nationalists set up the FLN National
  Liberation Front
• Public opinion in France turned against the war
• Charles de Gaulle became President in 1958 4
  years later Algeria achieved independence

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INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

• KENYA JOMO KENYATA

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KENYA AND JOMO KENYATTA

• The British held Kenya as part of the East Africa
  Protectorate.
• A secret terrorist organization called the Mau
  Mau existed in Kenya to fight the British! The
  British called a state of emergency against the
  Mau Maus guerrilla activities.
• The native tribe of Kenya are the Kikuyu.
• Jomo Kenyatta led the independence movement and
  ended up in jail.
• Kenyatta and the Mau Mau were successful against
  the British in 1963.
• Kenyatta became the first president of the free
  Kenya.

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GHANA AND KWAME NKRUMAH
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GHANA INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

• The British held the territory called the Gold
  Coast.
• Kwame Nkrumah led the independence movement
• Nkrumah believed in non-violence.
• In 1957 The Gold Coast got its independence
  and
• was then called Ghana.
• Kwame Nkrumah became Ghanas first President

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A CASE STUDY SOUTH AFRICAAPARTHEID RISE AND
FALL

• APARTHEID THE LEGAL SEPARATION OF THE RACES
  RULED IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948--1991

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THE AFRIKAANER (DUTCH GOVERNMENT)

• The Afrikaaner govt. gained control of the South
  Africa in 1948
• They instituted Apartheid!
• Each group had separate living areas
• People of color were subjected to certain
  rules/laws!

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APARTHEID LAWS/RULES

• People of color must carry Pass Books around as
  identification.
• Intermarriage between white people and people of
  color is forbidden.
• Strikes by black workers were outlawed.
• Jobs were restricted.
• Separate public facilities and transportation
  were in existence.
• Black people had no representation in government.
• BANTU AUTHORITIES ACT established Bantustans or
  homelands
• where black people would live
• Separate educational facilities for white and
  black

       
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RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID
NELSON MANDELA ----AFRICAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS STEVE BIKO---------------BLACK
CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT ARCHBISHOP DESMOND
TUTU-----PEACEFUL RESISTANCE TO THE AFRIKAANER
GOVERNMENT

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RESISTANCE TO APARTHEIDTHE ANC AND MANDELA
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NELSON MANDELA SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE

• Nelson Mandela was arrested in the 1960s for
  conspiracy against the government. He remained
  in jail for over 20 years. He was released by
  President F.W. deKlerk in 1989. By 1994 Mandela
  became the first black president of South Africa.
  People waited in line for days to vote in the
  first free elections!

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STEVE BIKO BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS
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STEVE BIKO Steve Biko was arrested by the South
African police. He was murdered while in custody
in 1977. Thousands showed up for his funeral and
he became a symbol of resistance to the white
oppression. His movement lived on after his
death. The white police officers who beat him
did not answer for their crimes until the
1990s.
Bikos grave
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THE END OF APARTHEID

• Many world nations put pressure (economic
  sanctions on South Africa which crippled the
  economy.
• 1989 F.W. deKlerk became President.
• 1990 deKlerk lifted the ban on the ANC and
  released Mandela from prison.
• deKlerk began to repeal the apartheid laws,
  dismantling the system of racial separation.
• April 1994 was set as the first free elections
  and for a new constitution.
• In 1994 Nelson Mandela won the presidential
  election hands down!

FW. deKlerk
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CIVIL WAR AND ETHNIC TENSIONIN RECENT TIMES

• ETHNIC TENSION IN RWANDA BETWEEN HUTUS AND
  TUTSIS LED TO GENOCIDE 1990S
• CIVIL WAR, DROUGHT, FAMINE IN SOMALIA IN 1992
  LED TO U.S. INTERVENTION (Black Hawk Down)

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http//www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/video/19
94rwanda/1994rwanda_wmv.htm
UNDERSTANDING THE CONLFICT
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• THE AIDS CRISIS THE CONTINENT WITH THE MOST
  CASES!
• South Africa has one of the highest death rates
  due to AIDS