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USA Homefront Women Japanese-American Latinos African-American Navajo (Native Americans)

After War?
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U.S. Home front
Rationing of war supplies
Buying Liberty bonds to help finance the war
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Women and Minorities in WWII

• Following the United States' entry into World War
  II, women filled male jobs left vacant by those
  who had gone off to fight.
• Helped in the production of military hardware.
• women who wore hard-hats and overalls and
  operated heavy machinery represented a radical
  departure from the traditional American feminine
  ideal of housewife and mother.

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Norman Rockwell portrayed Rosie as a monumental
figure clad in overalls and a work-shirt with the
sleeves rolled up to reveal her powerful,
muscular arms
"Do the Job He Left Behind" was a campaign slogan
that emphasized womens patriotism for the war
effort.
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The entire country pulled together to support the
war effort and build the "Arsenal of Democracy."
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Rose Will Monroe, riveter at the Ford Willow Run
airplane factory, became a "Rosie the Riveter"
icon by starring in a film campaign to increase
the sale of war bonds.
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Women Produced Wartime goods
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Millions of women nationwide joined the work
force both as a matter of patriotic duty and to
support their families.
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Rosies worked on all phases of manufacturing,
from electrical wiring to putting the finishing
touches on a bomber.
The government attempted to alleviate some of
this stress between two demands--country and
home--by creating federally funded daycare
centers.  There were about 130,000 children in
over 3,000 daycare centers at the height of the
War
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Nurses in the army
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• WWII Women
• () 250,000 women joined the military/ Wacs
  Waves
• () 6 million women joined the workforce Rosie
  the Riveter
• () 3 million women joined labor unions
• (-) Government Girls
• (-) Work still categorized by gender and race
• (-) Women pilots not considered as vets
• (-) Lack of day care facilities led to Latch-Key
  Children
• (-) Increased divorce rate

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Did women stay in the workforce??

• Soldiers began returning home and they wanted
  their jobs back.
• By late 1944, magazines were advertising
  "after-victory" homes, hoping to promote womens
  return to their previous role as homemaker.
• Some women, who needed to work in order to
  survive, were forced back into lower-paying jobs
  consisting mostly of the stereotypical female
  occupations.
• The labor division between men and women was
  never totally eliminated, and attitudes returned
  to their original position that womens first
  priority should be as homemakers.

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The reversed strategy was to push the women back
into the home with promise of new and wonderful
consumer goods to make their housewife role
easier and to ensure that their real happiness
was in caring for their men and children
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• Imagine you are living in the United States
  during World War II. The United States government
  feels that your ethnic group is a threat to
  national security. The president issues an order
  that states, If you are of Japanese ancestry,
  you must report to a relocation camp with only
  the belongings you can carry. You can no longer
  report to your job, attend school, or worship at
  your usual place of worship. You are given a
  place to sleep in a barracks with hundreds of
  others now interned with you. You must eat and
  sleep at scheduled times, and you are restricted
  to the perimeter of the camp, which is guarded by
  armed military personnel.
• This scenario was reality for Japanese-Americans
  during World War II as a result of Roosevelt
  issuing Executive Order 9066.

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The Plight of Japanese Americans

• After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941,
  fear of a Japanese invasion and of subversive
  acts by Japanese Americans prompted the
  government to move more than 110,000 people of
  Japanese ancestry to 10 relocation camps.

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More than 120,000 Americans of Japanese Ancestry
were incarcerated in 10 camps scattered
throughout Western states during World War II
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• Japanese Americans, half of whom were children,
  were incarcerated for up to 4 years, without due
  process of law or any factual basis, in bleak,
  remote camps surrounded by barbed wire and armed
  guards.
• They were forced to evacuate their homes and
  leave their jobs in some cases family members
  were separated and put into different camps.
  President Roosevelt himself called the 10
  facilities "concentration camps."
• Some Japanese Americans died in the camps due to
  inadequate medical care and the emotional
  stresses they encountered. Several were killed by
  military guards posted for allegedly resisting
  orders.

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Korematsu v. United States
Fred Korematsu  was arrested and convicted for
not reporting to an assembly center in May 1942
The court ruled during WWII, that the internment
of Japanese Americans such as Fred Korematsu was
legal because the posed a potential threat to the
United States. This illustrates the idea that
freedoms of liberty and speech can and have been
restricted during the extreme cases, such as
wartime.
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What about Native Americans How were they
affected by WWII?
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Navajo Code Talkers
The Code used by the Navajo Code Talkers created
messages by first translating Navajo words into
English, then using the first letter of each
English word to decipher the meaning. Because
different Navajo words might be translated into
different English words for the same letter, the
code was especially difficult to decipher
Navajo Code Talkers were used in Guadalcanal,
Tarawa, Saipan, Iwo Jima and Okinawa and were a
major reason for the success of the U.S. Marines.
According to Major Connor, "Were it not for the
Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo
Jima."
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World War II African American

• African Americans (/-)
• () 700,000 African Americans served in the war
• () Creation of the Office of FEPC / investigate
  discrimination in the War Industries
• () Racial discrimination was prohibited in the
  War industries
• () 1944 -COREs victory / elimination of
  segregation in DC restaurants

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World War II African Americans

• () Partial integration of the Army Navy
• () push towards post war Civil Rights movement
• () Improved economic condition
• (-) Not allowed to serve in the Marines
• (-) Not allowed to join the Air Force at first

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World War II Latinos

• Hispanic Americans (/-)
• () 300,000 Hispanic Americans served in the war
• () Economic conditions improved (farm to war
  industries)
• () Braceros Programs / war time labor shortages