WORLD WAR TWO

1
WORLD WAR TWO
THE ORIGINS
2
THE MAIN CAST OF CHARACTERS
3
THE LEGACY OF VERSIALLES
GERMAN RESENTMENT

• LOST 13 OF LAND AND POPULATION
• ALSACE AND LORAINE TO FRANCE
• COLONIAL HOLDINGS
• POLISH CORRIDOR
• SUDETENLAND
• RHINELAND ALLIED OCCUPATION 15 YEARS

2. WAR REPARATIONS
3. MILITARY RESTRICTION OF 100,000 MAN ARMY
4. ACCEPT BLAME FOR STARTING THE WAR
4
PEACEFUL REVISIONISM
1920S REVISIONS TO THE TREATY OF VERSIALLE
1. 1924 DAWES ACT---REPARATIONS
2. 1929 THE YOUNG PLAN ---REPARATIONS
3. 1925 LACARNO TREATY
4. ALLIED TROOPS LEAVE THE RHINELAND IN 10 YRS.
NOT 15
5. 1926 GERMANY JOINS THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PEACE??
5
http//www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/ChinaHistory/r
ape.html
1930S THE DEPRESSION AND DICTATORS
JAPAN---- EMPEROR HIROHITO ---MILITARY RULE
1931 INVASION OF MANCHURIA CHINA
THE EAST ASIAN CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE
1937 INVASION OF CHINA RAPE OF NANKING
1940 TAKE OVER FRENCH-INDO CHINA
JULY 1941 U.S. IMPLEMENTS AN OIL EMBARGO ON JAPAN
6
The Sino-Japanese War 1937-45

• Background to 1930s
• Chronology of key events 31-39
• Explanations of Japanese actions
• Planned?
• Unplanned?
• Factors leading to Pacific War

7
Japans China policy pre-1931

• 1894-5 1st Sino-Japanese War
• conflict takes place in/around Korea, Chinese
  navy soundly defeated represents shock to Qing
  China and prompts some reform and attempts to
  modernise Japanese see the war as victory of a
  civilised nation over an uncivilised one
• 1910s
• growth of J. economic interests in China
  (informal empire)
• Indication of aggressive foreign policy (e.g. 21
  Demands) and the desire for Japanese to have
  greater say in Chinese domestic politics (esp.
  after 1911 revolution in China)
• 1920s
• Policy fluctuates between intervention versus
  non-intervention according to Japanese government
  leaders
• rise of Kwantung army (aims to gain foothold in
  NE China)

8
Japans informal empire in China

• China of vital importance to Japan for economic
  reasons (source of raw materials destination for
  Japanese commodities lots of market potential)
  also enhanced Japans power and prestige
• 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki allowed for opening of
  new ports to Japanese traders and industrialists,
  plus tax exemptions (as with other unequal
  treaties)
• Mass relocation of Japanese into China not just
  treaty ports but into Chinese hinterland by 1930
  Japanese outnumbered all other Westerner presence.

9
Japans Formal Empire pre-1931

• First formal colonies gained after 1st
  Sino-Japanese war 1894-5
• Taiwan (Formosa) Pescadores (1895)
• Russo-Japanese war
• Korea (1905 protectorate 1910 colony)
• Kwantung leased territory (1905) SMR
• Karafuto (Sakhalin) 1905
• German possessions in Shandong gained after WWI
• Creates space which needs to be protected and
  defended Japanese army pushes into buffer zones
  creates snowball effect

10
Key events the China quagmire

• 1931 Sep 18 Manchurian (Mukden) Incident
  (Kwantung army conspiracy)
• 1932 Battle for Shanghai and Manchukuo (puppet
  state) established.
• 1933 Japan withdraws from League of Nations after
  criticism from international community, becomes
  isolated
• July 1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident (start of
  war proper
• Dec 1937 Nanjing Massacre and other atrocities
  ensue
• 1937-39 Japanese troops occupy all major cities
  in China

11
Causes of expansion/invasion

• Response to threats (Russians, communism, White
  imperialists, alliances/pacts)
• Pan-Asianism (ideological interests)
• Economic interests (to expand informal empire,
  maintain economic independence, provide wealth
  for metropolitan)
• National interests (to build and defend empire
  according to international norms provide living
  space for growing population etc )

12
Planned or unplanned?

• quest for autonomy
• economics
• power/influence
• survival
• East versus West

• Lack of consensus within govt
• Factions within army,navy etc.
• Series of blunders/miscalculations

13
The Path to the Pacific War 39-41

• European war has impact in Asia
• Japan to push southwards to secure supplies (eg
  Indochina)
• Growing opposition from US/UK to Japans actions
  in Asia (manifested in boycotts/embargoes)
• Japans unwillingness (inability?) to withdraw
  from China
• Failure to negotiate peace Pearl Harbour

14
ITALY AND MUSSOLINI
BIRTH OF FASCISM
TOTALITARIAN RULE BASED ON EXTREME NATIONALISM
THE STATE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE INDIVIDUAL
UNLIKE COMMUNISM THERE IS NO CALL FOR STATE
OWNERSHIP OF PRIVATE PROPERTY
BY 1925 MUSSOLINI IS AT THE HEAD OF A
TOTALITARIAN STATE
1935 INVASION OF ETHIOPIA ( ABYSSINIA)
15
WHAT ABOUT HITLER???
16
Your Task

• You are an expert in foreign policy
• It is your job to advise the new leaders of
  Germany
• You will be told about various problems and given
  a choice of three policies to follow.
• Choose wisely. Your success will be rewarded.
  Failure will be punished!

17
Mein Kampf

• Your policy has very clear aims
• Destroy the Treaty of Versailles
• Gain Lebensraum (living space) in the east
• Bring all Germans into one Reich
• Make Germany strong again

18
Crisis Austria 1934

• The Depression has made Austria weak
• Taking over Austria will be very popular in
  Germany
• It will bring many Germans into the Reich
• However other countries might oppose you

19
Crisis Austria 1934

• Try to take over Austria by sending troops to
  Vienna

• Do nothing, its not worth annoying France,
  Britain and Italy

• Try to take over Austria by political pressure

A
B
C
20
Crisis Austria 1934

• 30 Points

• 20 Points

• 10 Points

A
B
C
21
Crisis Rhineland 1936

• Italy has invaded Ethiopia
• The league of Nations is divided
• While the League is divided you could send troops
  to the Rhineland
• Be careful! Any opposition and youll have to
  withdraw

22
Crisis Rhineland 1936

• Do nothing, you cant risk war with France.
  Germany is too weak

• Ask permission from the Allies before doing
  anything

• Send in the troops. France is divided and
  Britain wants peace

A
B
C
23
Crisis Rhineland 1936

• 10 Points

• 30 Points

• 20 Points

A
B
C
24
Crisis Austria 1938

• Austria is even weaker than in 1934
• Italy is now your ally
• You have many supporters in Austria, who can help
  you
• Union with Austria is forbidden by the Treaty of
  Versailles

25
Crisis Austria 1938

• Try to take over Austria by sending troops to
  Vienna

• Do nothing, its not worth annoying France,
  Britain and Italy

• Try to take over Austria by political pressure

A
B
C
26
Crisis Austria 1938

• 20 Points

• 30 Points

• 10 Points

A
B
C
27
Crisis Czechoslovakia 1938

• Three million German speakers live in
  Czechoslovakia
• Czechoslovakia has a strong army and alliances
  with Britain, France and the Soviet Union
• Victory over the Czechs will finally destroy the
  Treaty of Versailles
• The army is unwilling to fight over the
  Sudetenland

28
Crisis Czechoslovakia 1938

• Invade Czechoslovakia and hope the army follows
  your orders

Threaten the Czechs and make a deal with
Britain and France

• Make a deal with Russia and hope Britain and
  France ignore your actions

A
B
C
29
Crisis Czechoslovakia 1938

• 30 Points

• 10 Points

• 20 Points

A
B
C
30
Crisis Poland 1939

• After victory over the Czechs you cant do wrong
• Poland splits German land and holds the German
  city of Danzig
• Poland has an alliance with Britain and France
• The Soviet Union could be a threat, the Red Army
  could easily help the Poles

31
Crisis Poland 1939

• Do a Deal with Russia to split Poland between
  you

• Stop now, youve already achieved most of your
  aims

• Invade Poland without any agreements no-one can
  stop you now

A
B
C
32
Crisis Poland 1939

• 10 Points

• 20 Points

• 30 Points

A
B
C
33
Add up your scores
34
How did you do?

• 120 - 150 Points
• Your advice has been superb for the outside world
  as war has been avoided
• However, your advice has not been good for you.
  The Gestapo have arrested you and you are never
  seen again

35
How did you do?

• 90 110 Points
• Youre not the expert the Nazi party thought you
  were. Youve missed many opportunities to expand
  Germanys population and resources
• You have been demoted but you still have a
  comfortable life in Berlin

36
How did you do?

• 50 80 Points
• Fantastic! you have made Germany strong again,
  the Treaty is a thing of the past and Germany is
  well prepared in case war comes.
• You have been rewarded with promotion in the Nazi
  party and all the privileges of power

37
What did Hitler do?

• Austria 1934
• Rhineland 1936
• Austria 1938
• Czechoslovakia 1938
• Poland 1939

38
What did Hitler do?Crisis Austria 1934

• Try to take over Austria by sending troops to
  Vienna

X

• Do nothing, its not worth annoying France,
  Britain and Italy

• Try to take over Austria by political pressure

X
A
B
C
39
What did Hitler do?Crisis Rhineland 1936
X
X

• Do nothing, you cant risk war with France.
  Germany is too weak

• Ask permission from the Allies before doing
  anything

• Send in the troops. France is divided and
  Britain wants peace

A
B
C
40
What did Hitler do?Crisis Austria 1938

• Try to take over Austria by sending troops to
  Vienna

X

• Do nothing, its not worth annoying France,
  Britain and Italy

• Try to take over Austria by political pressure

A
B
C
41
What did Hitler do?Crisis Czechoslovakia 1938

• Invade Czechoslovakia and hope the army follows
  your orders

X
X
Threaten the Czechs and make a deal with
Britain and France

• Make a deal with Russia and hope Britain and
  France ignore your actions

A
B
C
42
What did Hitler do?Crisis Poland 1939

• Do a Deal with Russia to split Poland between you

X
X

• Stop now, youve already achieved most of your
  aims

• Invade Poland without any agreements no-one can
  stop you now

A
B
C
43
Did Hitler follow a successful Foreign Policy?

• Did Hitler achieve all his aims?
• Did Hitlers policies cause the war?
• Did the war ultimately make Germany weak or
  strong?

44
A POWERLESS LEAGUE AND AN APPEASING WORLD
UNITED STATES ----ISOLATIONISTS
GREAT BRITAN AND FRANCE WAR WEARY
WITH OUT THE U.S. LEAGUE HAS NO TEETH
COUNTRIES NOT WILLING TO INTERVENE UNILATERALY
ALL FACED HUGE DOMESTIC PROBLEMS