America Debates Involvement Unit 4 Lesson 2

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America Debates InvolvementUnit 4 Lesson 2

• 11.7.1 Examine the origins of American
  involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the
  events that precipitated the attack on Pearl
  Harbor
• 11.7.2 Analyze Roosevelts foreign policy during
  WWII FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH

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Vocabulary

• Isolationism
• Interventionism
• Winston Churchill
• Neutrality Act 1939
• Tripartite Pact
• Lend-Lease Act
• Atlantic charter
• Hideki Tojo
• Pearl Harbor
• WAC
• Douglas MacArthur
• Bataan Death March
• Battle of Coral Sea

• A. Philip Randolph
• Executive Order 8802
• Executive Order 9066

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Focus Questions

• Examine FDRs Quarantine Speech. Identify what he
  is willing to do and provide a hypothesis at to
  why
• Why did people move during WWII?
• What problems occurred because of the migration?
• How did the federal government control resources
  needed for the war effort?
• How did the media help in the war effort?

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Japanese Aggression

• 1937 Japan attacks China
• Shocked Americans
• Rape of Nanking
• FDR Oct. 5, 1937 critical of Japans aggression

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Quarantine Speech Oct. 5, 1937

• When an epidemic of physical disease starts to
  spread, the community against the spread of
  disease. War is a contagion, whether it be
  declared or undeclared. It can engulf states and
  peoples remote from the original scene of
  hostilities. We are determined to keep out of
  war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the
  disastrous effects of war and the dangers of
  involvement

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Reaction

• This speech signaled to isolationists that FDR is
  willing to go to war.
• This angered many people.
• FDR then backed off his interventionist stance

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Isolationists v. Interventionists

• Want neutrality
• Congress passes Neutrality Act of 1939
• Interventionists not pleased

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Four Freedoms speech

• After REELECTION, FDR increases his support for
  Britain.
• Why AFTER THE ELECTION?
• Jan. 6, 1941, addressed Congress
• Four Freedoms Speech
• Freedom of speech, worship, from want and from
  fear.

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Four Freedoms Speech

• Who was threatening our four freedoms?
• Nazi Germany and Japanese militarism
• Best way to stay out of war was to help Britain.

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Tripartite Pact

• Nightly broadcasts about the dire situation in
  London
• Many Americans begin to believe U.S. should
  prepare to defend itself
• Sept. 1940 France falls
• Germany, Italy, Japan sign Tripartite Pact

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reaction

• Congress debates isolationism v. interventionist
• Selective Service Act passes
• Increase in reserve troops
• FDR give Britain WWI battleships

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Result

• Lend Lease Act
• Three months after the speech passed
• sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease to
• Who ever FDR thought it was necessary to in the
  interests of the defense of the USA.

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Atlantic Charter

• Aug 1941
• Atlantic Charter
• Solidified the relationship between the U.S. and
  Great Britain

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Pearl Harbor

• 11.7.1 Examine the origins of American
  involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the
  events that precipitated the attack on Pearl
  Harbor

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Problems in Pacific

• Empire for Japan
• We stopped selling oil, rubber and other goods to
  stop their goal for an empire
• Saw U.S. as intervening
• FDR signed and embargo in 1940

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What been Japan doing?

• EXPANDING
• Rape of Nanking
• Invasion of Manchuria
• Taking over Philippines
• The need RAW GOODS!

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War Begins

• Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
• Results
• 2,500 dead
• 8 battleships severely damaged
• 6 cruisers destroyed
• 288 planes damaged or destroyed
• US Declares War on Japan
• Germany and Italy declare war on US

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Gearing up for War

• More than 16 million Americans served in the
  military during WWII
• Minorities
• Nearly 1 million African Americans
• 300,000 Mexican Americans
• 25,000 Native Americans
• Womens Army Corps (WAC) created in 1943
• Clerical workers, truck drivers, lab techs, etc..

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Women Go to Work

• Women go to work in White Collar jobs and in
  factories with Heavy Machinery
• For the first time middle class American families
  have 2 working parents (making child care
  provided by govt necessary)
• Many women did not leave the workforce at the end
  of the war
• Rosie the Riveter seen as the icon

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Early Battles

• Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong taken quickly
• Philippines attacked December 22 under General
  MacArthur
• MacArthur ordered evacuation but 75,000 Allied
  troops held out in Bataan until May 1942
• Bataan Death March -Troops forced to march for 63
  miles, killing 7000

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Allies try to strike back

• By summer of 1942 Japan controlled Indian Ocean
  and half the Pacific.
• Colonel James Doolittle leads raid on Japan
  killing 50 people and destroying 100 buildings
• Battle of the Coral Sea May 7 and 8, 1942
• 1st sea battle where ships couldnt see each
  other
• Fought using aircraft, giving advantage to US due
  to production capacity

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Allies Turn the Tide

• America pursued victory in Europe before the
  Pacific
• Japan attacked at Midway the last large US base
  West of CA
• Arthur Nimitz (commander of US Navy in Pacific)
  found out and sent aircraft carriers to Midway
• US lost 1 carrier
• Japan lost 4 Carriers including 250 of their most
  experienced pilots

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Americans Take the Offensive

• 1st offensive took place at Guadalcanal in the
  Solomon Islands in June 1942
• After 3 months US forces won
• US Navy, Marine, and Army forces worked in both
  the southwest and central Pacific forcing Japan
  to fight on two fronts
• US began fighting towards Japan using the Island
  Hopping technique

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WWII on the Home Front

• 11.7.5. Discuss the constitutional issues and
  impact of events on the U.S. home front,
  including the internment of Japanese Americans
  (e.g., Fred Korematsu v. United States of
• America) and the restrictions on German and
  Italian resident aliens the response of
• the administration to Hitlers atrocities against
  Jews and other groups the roles of
• women in military production and the roles and
  growing political demands of
• African Americans

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Women Work for Victory

• Women found jobs in heavy industry
• (they break a sweat!)
• Women didnt quit because they were married
  anymore
• ¾ women were married
• 60 were older than 35

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African Americans

• A. Philip Randolph fought for the Double V
• Victory against fascism
• Victory against discrimination

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Executive Order 8802

• Executive Order 8802 assured fair hiring
  practices in any job funded with govt . Created
  Fair Employment Practices Commission
• NAACP grew to 50,000 members and others started
  fighting for equal rights with non-violent
  protests

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Population Shifts

• African Americans move to factory cities in North
  like Detroit, Chicago, and Cleveland
• Bracero program legally brought Mexican
  immigrants to work in California

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Migration Triggers Conflict

• Summer of 1943 Detroit has racial riots
  starting in a park 34 end up dead
• Mexican-Americans attacked in Los Angeles during
  the Zoot Suit Riots

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Civil Liberties Restrictions

• Aliens from Axis powers forced to register and
  millions were deported
• 11,000 German immigrants and hundreds of Italians
  were held in Camps
• Japanese faced internment due to Executive Order
  9066

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Executive Order 9066

• Many lost their homes and businesses.
• Japanese faced harsher times because
• there were fewer
• had less political clout
• were relatively isolated

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MANZANAR IN CALIFORNIA
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Government Economy

• Govt spent almost 90 of budget on WWII
• Raised by implementing a 5 tax on all workers
• Citizens also bought war bonds

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Rationing

• As more goods were sent to soldiers for the war,
  consumer goods were hard to find
• People were rationed and used coupon books to get
  goods
• Black markets were created

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Media boosts morale

• Office of War Information
• Spotlighted common needs
• minimized racial and economic divisions
• downplayed problems of poverty and crime
• Radio, print, and film were patriotic and
  reminded everybody that we were in a war between
  democracy and dictatorship
• People planted victory gardens, collected scrap
  metal, and paper.