Insecticides

1
Insecticides
2
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

• Age
• Best used when mixed, dont store after mixing

3
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

• Thatch
• Excessive thatch (gt1/2) binds insecticide

4
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

• UV degradation
• Breaks chemical bonds
• Biologicals most susceptible

5
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

• pH impact
• Neutral pH is best

6
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS

• Microbial degradation
• Bacteria and fungi feed on organic portion of
  pesticide
• Can break down within hours

7
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

• Stomach poisons
• Enter insect through the gut when eaten

8
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

• Systemic poisons
• Translocated within plants
• Insects exposed when feeding
• Most effective on piercing-sucking insects
• Receive greater dose

9
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

• Contact poisons
• Enter body when insect walks over treated surface

10
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

• Insect Growth Regulator (IGR)
• Interferes with normal growth
• Prevents molting (juvenile hormones)
• Very safe, delayed effect

11
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

• Biorational (Biological)
• Beneficial fungi, nematodes or bacteria

12
MODE OF ACTION

• Nerve poisons most conventional insecticides
• a) Narcotics
• Physical action in nervous system

13
MODE OF ACTION

• Nerve poisons
• b) Synaptic
• Interrupt synaptic transmission of nervous system
• Synapse (gap) is the junction between a neuron
  and another cell (muscle, gland, etc)

14
MODE OF ACTION

• Nerve poisons
• b) Synaptic
• In central nervous system, acetylcholine
  transmits an impulse across synapse to next cell
• Chemicals tie up acetylcholine and cause
  malfunction

15
MODE OF ACTION

• Muscle poisons
• Disrupting muscle membrane

16
MODE OF ACTION

• Physical toxicants
• Horticultural Oil
• Clog the spiracles that breathe

17
MODE OF ACTION

• Physical toxicants
• Insecticidal soap
• Strips cuticle and dehydrates insect

18
MODE OF ACTION

• Physical toxicants
• Diatomaceous earth
• Crushed fossils
• Cut insects walking over it
• Dehydrate

19
SOURCE CLASSIFICATION

• Inorganic lack carbon
• Organic possess carbon
• Natural are produced from natural substances
  botanicals and oils
• Synthetics are manmade

20
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• Pesticide rotation
• Rotate chemical classes
• Change mode of action (MOA)
• http//www.irac-online.org/

21
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)
• Unstable in light
• Was most widely used insecticides

22
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)
• Malathion,
• Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
• Cancelled

23
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CARBAMATES
• Low persistence in environment
• Noted toxicity to pollinators

24
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CARBAMATES
• Carbaryl
• Greatest use is fruit production
• Controls insects and fruit-thinning agent

25
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CARBAMATES
• Carbofuran (cancelled)
• Ineffective when used continuously
• Microorganisms quickly degrade

26
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
• Most persistent insecticide class

27
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
• DDT Cancelled in US in 1973
• Extremely stable
• Resistant to MO, heat, and UV light
• Fat solubility
• Other classes broken down in animals by enzymes

28
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
• DDT 2 characteristics for cancellation
• 1. Stability allows more to be taken up by
  animals
• 2. Accumulates in body fat
• Found traces in milk fat and in human body fat

29
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
• DDT
• Biomagnification
• As predators consume organisms, DDT accumulates
  in fat of predator
• Thin egg shells, reproductive failure

30
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BOTANICALS
• Derived directly from plants
• Organic gardening
• Considered safer, some exceptions
• Most are expensive and impractical on commercial
  scale

31
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BOTANICALS
• Pyrethrum
• Extracted from Chrysanthemum
• Wide spectrum and rapid knockdown
• Breaks down rapidly in sunlight

32
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BOTANICALS
• Rotenone
• Second most used botanical
• Extremely toxic to fish

33
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BOTANICALS
• Rotenone
• New research released in the United States on
  Monday shows a link between the use of two
  pesticides, rotenone and paraquat, and
  Parkinson's disease. People who used either
  pesticide developed Parkinson's disease
  approximately 2.5 times more often than
  non-users.

34
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BOTANICALS
• Neem
• Oil from neem tree
• Primarily repellent
• Also medicinal and toothpaste
• http//www.azasol.com/

35
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)
• Replacing many older insecticides effective and
  safe
• Synthetic pyrethrum

36
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)
• Permethrin
• High toxicity at low rates
• Quick knockdown
• More stable
• Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin

37
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• PHENYL PYRAZOLES
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Very effective
• Fipronil, season long control of ants

38
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• CHLORONICOTINYLS
• Translocates within plant
• Merit is absorbed through roots
• Suspected in CCD (bees)
• Banned in Canada

39
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

• Adult bees fly off to die
• Causes include parasites, viruses, bacteria, poor
  nutrition and pesticides
• No proof of cell tower

40
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BIORATIONAL (Biological)
• Not substitute for conventional insecticides
• More scouting and repeat applications

41
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BIORATIONAL (Biological)
• Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)
• Protein produced by Bt that damages gut
• Death in couple days

42
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BIORATIONAL (Biological)
• Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)
• Varieties have specific host
• Var. kurstaki kills caterpillars (Dipel)
• Genetically modified corn contains protein
• Monarch butterflies?

43
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BIORATIONAL (Biological)
• Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)
• Var. israliensis kills mosquitoes

44
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

• BIORATIONAL (Biological)
• Spinosad
• Derived from bacterium
• Effective flea control