Latin American Review

1
Latin American Review

• Global Regents June 15th 2017
• 800am

2
Latin American Geography

• Latin America is made up of countries from North
  America, Central America, South America and the
  Caribbean Islands.
• The cultures of this region reflect a combination
  of native beliefs and colonial powers.

3
Topography

• Major topographical features
• Sierra Madre Mountains
• Yucatan Peninsula
• Amazon Basin
• Andes Mountains
• Brazilian Highlands
• Patagonia
• For a Geography essay what could you write about?

4
Pre-Columbian Civilizations

• Olmec empire 1400BC to 500BC
• located along the Gulf coast of Mexico
• Built ceremonial centers, invented a calendar, a
  system of writing and trade links

• Maya 300 to 900
• Large city-states in southern Mexico and Central
  America
• maize and cocoa
• Priests held high position in society, social
  hierarchy
• giant temples, palaces, wall paintings,
  agricultural, picture system of writing, 365 day
  calendar, concept of zero, astronomy

5
Aztecs

• Valley of Mexico and established Tenochtitlan
  1315
• central Mexico
• Wealthy from tribute
• 30 million people
• Emperor, nobles, priests and warriors
• pyramids and human sacrifices to gods
• calendar, emperors palace, floating gardens, and
  pyramids

6
Inca

• Andes Mts. And extended 2,500 miles down the
  pacific coast
• Emperor at CUZCO.
• roads and armies could move quickly
• 12,000 miles or roads, Cuzco, Temple of the Sun,
  terrace farming, surgery and medicinal herbs.
• Quipus records kept by colored strings and
  knots.

7
Exploration and European Conquest

• Europeans looking for routes to riches of Asia
• Technology of printing press, gunpowder and
  cartographers and the astrolabe allowed for the
  success of exploration
• Columbus reaches the Americas and in 1494
• Spain and Portugal split the Americas in the
  Treaty of Tordesillas.
• Conquistadors Gold God and Glory
• 1519-1521 Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec empire
• 1532 Francisco Pizarro destroyed the Incan Empire
  in Peru
• Spread of Roman Catholicism

8
Reasons for Spanish Success

• armor, horses and weapons
• Spanish formed alliances with other Native
  American groups
• Disease killed millions of Native Americans

9
Columbian Exchange
10
Social Structure of the Spanish Colonies
11
Independence Movements in Latin America
12
Long Term Causes

• European domination
• Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau
  Montesquieu
• American and French Revolutions
• Growth of nationalism

13
Toussaint LOuverture

• Born into slavery
• Son of a Noble West African Family
• Learned to read
• Inspired by stories of revolt in ancient Rome and
  Julius Caesar

14
1804 Haiti Independente

• Toussaint was betrayed and seized by Napoleons
  men
• Ten months later in a French prison Toussaint
  died
• the only non slave nation in Western Hemisphere

15
Mexican Independence

• Father Miguel Hidalgo el Grito Dolores
• supported by poor Mexicans
• Mestizos and Native Americans march to Mexico
  city
• Called for an end to slavery
• Before 1811 he was executed

• Father Morelos, a mestizo, called for the end of
  slavery and suffrage for all men
• He was captured and shot
• Conservative Creole Agustin de Iturbide feared
  colonial reform
• 1821, backed by Creoles, mestizos and Native
  Americans he overthrew Spanish Viceroy
• Life for most changed little

16
Simon Bolivar Acts

• Simon Bolivar, an educated Creole, saw Napoleons
  occupation of Spain the signal to act
• In 1810 he led an uprising that established a
  republic in Venezuela
• Civil war raged Bolivar forced into exile

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The Liberator

• 1819 Bolivar marches army across the Andes and
  attacks at Bogotá
• 1821 he freed Caracas, Venezuela
• Moves into Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia
• Joins forces with Jose de San Martin

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Jose de San Martin

• San Martin , a Creole like Bolivar, was born in
  Argentina
• 1816 he won freedom for Argentina
• He led an army across Andes into Chile
• 1822 San Martin stepped aside Bolivar won final
  victories against Spain

19
Independence for Brazil

• Portuguese King fled Napoleon to Brazil
• Instituted reforms
• Leaves son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil
• If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it
  yourself and put the crown on your own head.
• In 1822 Dom Pedro became Emperor

20
Long-Term Effects

• 18 separate republics are established
• Struggle to achieve stable democratic governments
  to gain economic independence
• Ongoing efforts to bring prosperity democracy
  to the people of Latin America

21
Mexican Revolution 1910-1930

• Porfirio Diaz ruled as dictator, most Mexicans
  uneducated landless and poor
• Several leaders gathered their armies destroying
  Railroads and estates
• Emiliano Zapata, an Indian, led a peasant revolt
• Francisco Pancho Villa in the North won peasant
  loyalty. Border dispute with US in 1916
• Venustiano Carranza was elected President in 1917
• New Constitution
• Social reform set up libraries and school
• Economic and Cultural nationalism-Diego Rivera
• Stop 6/2

22
Latin America 1945 to Present

• Argentina
• was rich nation until depression in 1930s. A
  military coup brought Juan Peron to power in
  1946. He gained popularity by boosting wages,
  strengthening unions and beginning social welfare
  programs. His wife Evita had many social causes.
  
• 1976 state terrorism 20,000 people disappeared.
  1983 Democracy restored.
• Argentina struggles with to maintain stability
• Panama
• Panama has struggled with drug cartels smuggling
  drugs into the US. The canal was given back to
  Panama in 2000.
• 1989 US troops invaded Panama and arrested the
  leader Manuel Noriega.

23
Cuban Revolution

• Causes
• Corrupt leader Batista
• Sugar plantations owned by wealthy
• Unemployment
• Effect
• Communist Dictatorship under FIDEL CASTRO
• Collective Farms
• Government control of Industry Command economy
• Seizure of foreign property
• How does Cuba being Communist lead to problems
  during Cold war?

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Cuba and the Cold War

• Bay of Pigs- failed attempt by the US to
  overthrow Castro using CIA trained Cubans under
  Kennedy
• Cuban Missile Crisis showdown between
  Khrushchev of the USSR and Kennedy of the US over
  Soviet nuclear missile bases on Cuba. The US
  blockaded Cuba threatening to board any ship
  bound Cuba. The Soviets removed missile bases in
  Cuba and later Kennedy removed missile bases in
  Turkey

25
US involvement in Latin America

• Monroe Doctrine the Americas are herby closed
  to European countries looking for colonies.
• Roosevelt Corollary the US is prepared to use
  military might in the Americas
• Nicaragua- 1979 US helped the Contras, a
  counterrevolutionary group, fight the
  Sandinistas, nationalists and communists
• Mexico US and Canada signed NAFTA to allow free
  trade

26
Role of Religion

• Catholic Church played a major role in Latin
  America
• Traditionally conservative, the church became
  proponents of social reform
• Outspoken priests and nuns struggled against
  oppressive regimes. Many clergy worked with
  grassroots movements with communist ideologies.
  Archbishop Romero assassinated.
• Liberation theology

27
Problems facing Latin America

• Poverty
• Political instability
• Overpopulation Mexico city
• Deforestation Brazilian Rain Forests
• Endangered species