Unit N- Nutrition

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Unit N- Nutrition

• Allied Health I

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Nutrition

• Nutrients are
• water minerals
• carbohydrates vitamins
• lipids fiber
• proteins

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Water

• Essential nutrient
• 55-65 body weight
• Body loses water through evaporation, excretion,
  and respiration.
• Water is the only nutrient we sense a need for
  thirst.

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Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide simple sugar glucose
• Disaccharides double sugar
• Polysaccharides complex sugar
• Main source of energy for the body.
• Excess carbohydrates converted to fat.
• Calorie - unit that measures the amount of energy
  contained within the chemical bonds of different
  foods.
• Empty calories- found in foods like candy, cake,
  cookies that have no nutritional value.
• Complex carbohydrates containing starch and
  cellulose are healthier- they supply ROUGHAGE-
  the indigestible part of food.

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Lipids

• Source of energy- twice as many calories as the
  same amount of carbohydrates or protein.
• Stored fat provides energy during emergencies.
• Body fat cushions internal organs.
• Body fat insulates against the cold.
• Fats carry fat-soluble vitamins.

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Cholesterol

• Fat in animal products like meat, cheese, eggs
• Excess cholesterol in the body will start to
  build up inside the artery walls causing
  arteriosclerosis.
• Recommended blood level under 200 mg/dl
• HDL- High Density Lipoprotein- good
  cholesterol- removes excess cholesterol from
  cells and carries it back to liver to be broken
  down/eliminated.
• LDL- Low Density Lipoprotein- carry fat to cells
  bad cholesterol

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Proteins

• Many Function
• Enzymes
• Source of energy
• 3. Muscles, hormones, clotting, antibodies all
  depend on proteins
• Amino Acids - building blocks of protein
• Proteins that contain all amino acids are
  Complete Proteins - milk, eggs, meat

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Proteins

• Proteins that do not contain all amino acids are
  incomplete proteins- vegetables, beans, wheat
• Cant store excess amino acids- excreted as urea
• Adults in US eat too much protein - puts extra
  burden on liver and kidney which must eliminate
  urea from body

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Commercial
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Minerals and Trace Elements

• Mineral- from inorganic compounds in food, many
  necessary for human growth and maintenance
• Most important are sodium, potassium, calcium
  (help form teeth), iron
• Trace elements- present in very small amounts,
  toxic levels are close to healthy levels
• Most minerals present in average adult diet

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Minerals and Trace Elements

• Fluorine - in drinking water, needed for bones
  and teeth
• Iodine - in shellfish and iodized salt, needed to
  make thyroid hormone
• Iron - in liver, lean meats, needed to make
  hemoglobin

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Vitamins

• Vitamin- biologically active organic compound
• Function as coenzyme for normal health and
  growth, some behave like hormones
• A,D,E, and K- fat soluble - can be stored in
  body
• B vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble -
  cant be stored - excreted

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Fiber

• Found in plant foods like whole-grain breads,
  cereals, beans and peas, other vegetables and
  fruit.
• Eating a variety of plant food important for
  proper bowel function, may lower the risk of
  heart disease and some cancers.

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Nutrition Labeling

• FDA requires nutrition labeling for most foods
• Includes information on calories, nutrient
  contents
• Includes recommended daily allowances (RDA) of
  nutrients - based on a 2000 cal. diet

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Diet Therapy
Regular Diet Balanced diet- no restrictions
Liquid Diet Clear or full liquids (Jello) Used after surgery or heart attack For patients with digestive problems or before x-rays of digestive tract
Low-Cholesterol For patients with atherosclerosis and heart disease Restrict foods high in saturated fat such as beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg yolk, cream cheese, shellfish, and whole milk (May eat grains on this diet)
Bland Diet Easily digested foods that dont irritate digestive tract Avoid fried foods, spices, raw fruits and vegs, coffee or tea, alcoholic and carbonated beverages For patients with ulcers or GI disease
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Guidelines

• Eat a variety of foods
• Maintain desirable weight
• Avoid too much fat, saturated fat (animal fat)
  and cholesterol
• Eat foods with adequate starch and fiber
  (roughage)
• Avoid too much sugar
• Avoid too much sodium
• Dont drink alcohol

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Metabolism

• Use of food nutrients by the body to produce
  energy.

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Basal Metabolic Rate

• Amount of energy needed to maintain life when the
  body is at rest.

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Recommended Dietary Allowances

• (RDA) Recommended Dietary allowances
• Chart that lists recommended intake of vitamins
  and minerals.

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Food Guide Pyramid

• The food guide pyramid was redesigned in 2005. A
  rainbow of colored, vertical stripes represent
  the five food groups, as well as fats and oils.
• The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) changed
  the pyramid because they wanted to do a better
  job of telling Americans how to be healthy. They
  guy climbing the staircase up the side of the
  pyramid shows how important it is to exercise and
  be active.

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Food Guide Pyramid

• Orange - grains
• Green- Vegetables
• Red- fruits
• Blue- milk and dairy products
• Purple - meat, beans, fish, and nuts (consume the
  least amt. from this group)
• Yellow - oils

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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia- loss of appetite sometimes
  intentional
• Malnutrition- state of poor nutrition due to diet
  or illness.
• Fluorine Deficiency- tooth decay.
• Iodine Deficiency- goiter (enlarged thyroid)
• Iron Deficiency- anemia

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Eating Disorders

• Obesity
• Most common nutritional disease
• Weighs 15 more than optimal body weight for
  gender, height, and bone structure
• Obesity affects physical and mental health.
• Causes- taking in more calories than are burned.

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Anorexia Nervosa

• Serious mental disorder, mostly in teenage
  females (in athletes- female gymnast are common
  to have it)
• Criteria for diagnosis
• Intense fear of becoming obese that does not go
  away with weight loss
• Distorted body image (feels fat even when
  emaciated)
• Weight loss of at least 25 of original body
  weight
• Refusal to maintain minimal normal weight
• No know physical illness
• Amenorrhea- absence of monthly periods

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Bulimia

• Episodic binge eating followed by PURGING
  (vomiting and laxative abuse)
• Usually women, older than teens