Dietary needs throughout life

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Dietary needs throughout life
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You will gain an understanding of

• Babies
• Pre-school children
• Young children
• Adolescents
• Adults
• The elderly
• Vegetarians
• Pregnant women
• Lactating women

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Maternal and infant nutrition

• Key points
• A healthy, varied diet that contains adequate
  amounts of all the nutrients needed by a mother
  and her growing foetus (including sufficient
  iron, calcium and folate) is essential for a
  healthy pregnancy.
• All women of child-bearing age who may become
  pregnant are advised to take daily supplements
  (400 micrograms) of folic acid, as this can help
  to reduce the risk of the baby suffering from a
  neural tube defect.  Pregnant women should avoid
  supplements containing vitamin A as well as food
  rich in vitamin e.g. liver or liver products.
• Pregnant women should ensure that their intake of
  alcohol and caffeine does not exceed current
  recommendations and minimise their risk of
  suffering from food poisoning (e.g. by strict use
  of good food hygiene practices and avoidance of
  high risk foods).  Avoidance of shark,
  swordfish and marlin and the consumption of no
  more than 2 portions of oily fish per week is
  advised because of the levels of potential
  contaminants in these fish.
• Staying physically active during pregnancy is
  important to promote general health and
  well-being.

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Pregnant women

• A women's nutritional needs change during
  pregnancy, because her diet must provide for the
  growth and development of the foetus.
• Sufficient nutrients are needed to aid the
  development of the foetus.
• Maintaining a healthy diet is essential to make
  the birth as good as possible.
• A pregnant women must ensure her diet contains
  sufficient energy, protein, iron, calcium, folic
  acid, and vitamins C and D.
• Folic acid in pregnancy prevents neural tube
  defects.
• Pregnant women should eat lots of fruit and
  vegetables- especially leafy green, high in
  folate, starchy carbohydrates, dairy, lean meat
  and fish, preparing food carefully is important.
  Intake of tuna should be limited because of
  mercury in it. Pregnant women are advised not to
  eat liver due to it causing birth defects. Soft
  cheeses should be avoided as they can lead to
  premature birth. Eggs should be well cooked.

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Lactating women

• It is essential that the mothers diet is
  sufficient to enable her to produce milk for her
  baby.
• During pregnancy, fat reserves are laid down to
  provide some of the energy requirement needed for
  breast milk production.
• Current research suggests that 300 to 400 kcal
  per day extra is enough for fully breast feeding
  mothers.
• Additional requirements are needed for protein,
  calcium and phosphorus.
• The diet should be balanced in breast feeding,
  fluid is very important, so 8-12 glasses of water
  should be consumed. Caffeine and alcohol should
  be limited as this can pass through the breast
  milk.

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Maternal nutrition

• What is meant by eating for two?
• Why should the women's overall nutrient intakes
  increase?

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Infant nutrition

• Breast-feeding is the best method of feeding for
  babies. A varied diet is important whilst
  breast-feeding to ensure a sufficient intake of
  all nutrients needed by both the mother and the
  baby.  Breast-feeding mums are also advised to
  take supplements containing 10 mcg of vitamin D
  each day.
• By 6 months of age breast or formula milk will be
  insufficient to meet a babys nutrient needs and
  the process of weaning onto a solid diet should
  begin.  
• Non-wheat cereals, fruit, vegetables and potatoes
  are suitable first weaning foods. Salt should not
  be added to any foods for babies.  Between 6 and
  9 months the amount and variety of foods should
  be increased to include meat, fish, eggs, all
  cereals and pulses.
• From the age of 6 months, infants receiving
  breast milk as their main drink should be given
  supplements of vitamins A, C and D.
• A varied diet containing adequate amounts of
  energy and nutrients is essential both before a
  woman becomes pregnant (conceives), during
  pregnancy and if she breast-feeds (lactation).
  The mothers diet influences the health of the
  baby in the short-term and perhaps even in the
  long-term.

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Breast feeding

• Research on the internet why breast milk is best
  for baby.
• What does it contain which is vital for the
  growing baby?

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Pre-school children

• List the vital nutrients needed for toddlers and
  pre-school children
• Why are they necessary?

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Nutrient intakes

• Using food tables books, find out the RDA for the
  following, for a child aged 2-5 years
• Protein
• Fat
• Calcium

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Pre- school children (12 months- 4 years)

• Key points
• Encouraging pre-school children to eat a healthy,
  varied diet will provide all the nutrients they
  need for healthy growth and development and help
  to establish good eating habits for life.
• Young children who are growing and are usually
  very active have high energy and nutrient
  requirements in relation to their size. 
• A good supply of protein, calcium, iron and
  vitamins A and D are important during this time.
• Young children have small stomachs and may not be
  able to obtain all the energy and nutrients they
  need if their diet contains too much fibre.  Such
  diets can sometimes reduce the amount of minerals
  they can absorb, such as calcium and iron.
• By the time they are 5 years old, children should
  be eating family food and consuming a diet that
  corresponds with the eat well plate

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School age children (4-10 years)

• School age children are growing fast and are also
  very active, therefore they have high energy and
  nutrient needs through a period of rapid growth.
• Between age 4-6, there is a greater need for
  protein, the requirement for vitamin C is the
  same as pre-school children.
• Sunlight is their major source of vitamin D.
• Between 7 and 10 years, there is a marked
  increase in energy and protein requirements, also
  requirements for other vitamins and minerals also
  increases.
• School aged children require a healthy balanced
  diet, rich in fruit and vegetables and starchy
  foods. Sugary foods should be limited. Children's
  weight gain should be gradual. Milk and dairy
  foods are essential for tooth and bone
  development. Salt intake should not exceed 3-5g a
  day.

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Meal planning

• Plan a meal for a toddler
• Dish chosen
• Reasons for choice
• 1
• 2
• 3
• What nutrients are necessary in a toddlers diet?
  How does your chosen meal meet these
  requirements?

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School children

•  A varied diet containing adequate energy and
  nutrients is essential for normal growth and
  development, which at times can be very rapid.
•  National survey data suggest that there has
  been a reduction in the percentage of energy
  derived from fat (with average intakes of total
  fat in line with recommendations for adults),
  with a corresponding increase in the proportion
  of energy derived from protein and carbohydrate.
•  A large proportion of children are inactive,
  spending less than one hour a day participating
  in activities of moderate intensity.
• BNF, 2009

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Eating patterns of school children.

• Why do you think that obesity is on the increase
  in children?
• Why have children over recent years become
  inactive? Who is to blame?!!

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Teenagers

• Key points
•  Growth and development are rapid during
  teenage years, and the demand for energy and most
  nutrients is relatively high.
•  National data shows that average intakes of fat
  among teenagers were close to the adult benchmark
  of 35 of food energy.
•  A proportion of teenagers had low intakes of
  some vitamins and minerals (e.g. vitamin A,
  riboflavin, iron and magnesium), with more girls
  aged 11-18 having low intakes compared to boys of
  a similar age.
•  Teenagers in Britain are largely inactive, with
  46 of boys and 69 of girls aged 15-18 spending
  less than the recommended one hour a day
  participating in activities of moderate
  intensity.
• BNF 2009
• Research further using text books, diets of
  teenagers.

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Requirements of teenagers.

• Using food tables books, research the nutrient
  requirements and RDAs for teenage girls and
  boys.
• Why is it that teenage girls requirement of iron
  is greater than boys?
• Why do boys need more calories in their diets?

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Teenager eating habits and patterns

• Answer the following in full sentences
• 1) Discuss the eating habits of teenagers.
• 2) Do you believe that teenagers are receiving
  the correct amount of nutrients on a daily basis?
• 3) What advice would you give to teenagers on
  healthy eating and dietary guidelines?
• 4) Do you think that teenagers should be
  following the Eat Well Plate and why?

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Adults

• Key points
•  Nutritional requirements do not change much
  between the ages of 1950 years, except during
  pregnancy and lactation, but energy requirements
  vary depending on age, gender and activity level
  of the individual.
• At the adult stage of life, nutrients are needed
  for energy requirements, to maintain and repair
  body tissue and for normal bodily functions.
• Adults are no longer growing.
• Requirements for vitamins and minerals and
  protein remain virtually unchanged compared with
  adolescents.
• Energy sources should be obtained from starchy
  foods.
• Adults should follow government guidelines.

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Adult findings- BNF

•  On average, the diet of UK adults provides more
  than enough of most nutrients, although some
  groups of the population appear to have low
  intakes of some vitamins and minerals.
•  The percentage of energy derived from saturated
  fatty acids is higher than recommended (although
  fat intake is close to recommendations), and the
  average diet contains too little fibre and too
  much salt.

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Nutrient requirements of the elderly.

• Using textbooks provided, research the dietary
  needs of the elderly (60)
• 70-72 in textbook

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Tasks

• Activity 3.3- page 68
• Activity 3.5- page 70
• Activity 3.6- page 71

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Elderly

• Key points Although energy requirements
  generally decrease as we get older, the general
  dietary guidelines still apply. It is important
  for older people to keep physically
  active. People aged 65 years and over should
  take a vitamin D supplement as well as regularly
  eating food sources (e.g. oily fish, cod liver
  oil and margarine). National survey data have
  highlighted potential areas of change that could
  improve the nutrient intake of older people but
  it is important to take into account other
  factors which may affect older peoples dietary
  intakes (e.g. illness, poor dentition,
  drug-nutrient interactions).
• Activity 3.9- page 72

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Other groups

• Vegetarian and Vegan Diets
• KEY POINTS
•  Between 3-7 of the UK population are
  vegetarian, with women more likely to be so than
  men
•  There are many interpretations of vegetarian
  diets ranging from semi vegetarian or Pesco-
  vegetarian to vegan and fruitarians.
•  Provided a vegetarian diet is well balanced, it
  should provide all of the nutrients needed by the
  body throughout life
•  Most vitamins can be provided by foods of plant
  origin, with the exception of vitamin B12.
  Dietary supplements and/or fortified foods are a
  source of this vitamin for individuals who do not
  eat foods of animal origin.

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Continued..

• Vegetarians can gain HBV proteins in their diet
  by eating dairy foods.
• Plant sources should be eaten together so they
  provide more protein, they are LBV proteins.
• Care needs to be taken to ensure protein and
  energy requirements are met, especially in
  adolescence as this is a period of rapid growth
  and development.
• Iron maybe lacking in a vegetarian diet, but
  supplements can be taken.
• Activity 3.10- page 72, 3.12- page 75

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Meal planning

• Plan a meal for a vegetarian
• Dish chosen
• Reasons for choice
• 1
• 2
• 3

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Nutritional needs questions

• 1) What are the nutritional needs of babies?
• 2) What are the dietary needs/ foods of school
  age children?
• 3) Outline a suitable meal for a teenager
  explaining the nutrients in it and why it is
  suitable.
• 4) What are the nutritional requirements of the
  Elderly? How may they find it difficult to
  prepare a nutritious meal for themselves?
• 5) Plan a suitable meal for a vegan, explain why
  the foods you have included are suitable.