Chicago ?APA?MLA ????????

1
?????????

• Chicago ?APA?MLA ????????

2
???????????

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????,
  ??????????,????,?????????,??????????????,????????
  ??????,????????? ???,?????????????????,???????????
  ????

3
???????
4
?????????

• ???????????????!(Publish or Perish)????????????
  ??????????!(Demo or Die)
• ??,?????????????????????????,????????????,????????
  ?????,??????????????????????????,?????????????????
  ??

5
???????????

• ?????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????
  ????????????? ?????????,??????????
• ????????(term paper)
• ????(thesis)
• ????(dissertation)

6
?????????-????

• ??,????????????????,??????????????????????,?
  ???
• 1. ????(preliminaries)
• ???????????(cover),??????(title
  page)??????,?????????? ?????????????????????????
  ???
• ????????(table of content),??????????????
• ??,?????????(Summary,????????????

7
?????????-??

• 2.??(the text)
• ??,???????????????????????????,???????,?????????
  ???????,????????????,??????,??????????
• ???????,????????????????????????,??????,??????????
  ?????,???????1???1,???????????????????????
  ?,??????????????,???????????

8
?????????-??

• ????????????????????,????????
• ?????????????????,???????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????????
• ??????????????,???????????
• ?????????????????,?????????
• ????????????
• ??????

9
?????????-????

• 3. ???????(back matter or reference matter)
• ?????????????????????????,????????????,???????????
  ??????,???????????
• ??????,?????????????,?????????,???????!??,????????
  ???????????????,??????????
• ???????????????????,??????????,???????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• Chicago Style
• APA Style
• MLA Style

10
?????????-??

• ???????,????????????,?????????,?????
• ?????,??????????????????
• ??????,????????????????????????"??",?????????"??"?
  ??,?????????????????
• ???????,?????11?12??????????????????,??????????
• ?????????,????????????????????,???????????????????
  ?????????????
• ???????????2?3????????????,?????????,???????,?????
  ?,????????????????,??????,????????????

11
???????????

• ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????
• ??,?????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ?????? (MLA)
• ??????,?????????,????????????????????????????,????
  ???????????????????????

12
?????????-1

• ??????????????,???????????????
• ??????????????,????????????????xx?????????????
  ?,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ??????????,????????????????????? ?

13
?????????-2

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ,????????????????????????????????????????,???????,
  ????????????Powerpoint????????Powerpoint??????????
  ?????????????????????????

14
?????????-3

• ?????????????????????????,????,????????????,??????
  ???????????,??????????????????????????????,???????
  ?????????????????,?????????????

15
??????????????

• ????,???????????????????????,?????????????,??????
  ?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
  ??????????? (??????? ,MLA)

16
???????????

• ???????????????,????????,?????????????????????????
  ??????????????, ??????????????,??????,?????????
• ????????????,?????????????,???????????????????????
  ????,????Chicago?APA?MLA?????????????????????????

17
(?)Chicago Style

• The Chicago Manual of Style The Essential Guide
  for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 14th ed.
  Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1993.
• ?????????1906???Manual of Style,???100???????,????
  ????????????????
• The Chicago Manual of Style????????,?????
• ???????(Bookmaking)???(Style)??????(Production
  and Printing)?????????????????????????????,???????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?15?16??????????(Documentation),??????,???????????
  ????
• Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term
  Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed.
  Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1996.
• ?The Chicago Manual of Style????,?????????????????
  ????????????,?????????

18
(?)APA Style

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
  Association (1994). (4th ed.). Washington, DC
  American Psychological Association.??????????????
  ????????
• 1928??????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ??,????????????????????????????National Research
  Council???,????????????????,?1929??????????????Psy
  chological Bulletin?,???APA Style????
• 1944?APA?????????????,??32?,??????????????,???????
  ??????????????????????
• 1952????Publication Manual?????,??1994????4?,???20
  01?6????5????????,???????????????????APA??????????
  ????????????? APA?????????????????????????APA?????
  ?,???????????????,???????

19
(?)MLA Style

• Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of
  Research Papers. 5th ed. New York Modern
  Language Association of America, 1999.
• MLA Style???????????????????MLA
  Handbook??????????????????,???????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ???????????
• Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Style Manual and Guide to
  Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed. New York Modern
  Language Association of America, 1998.
• MLA Style Manual?????????????????????????????????,
  ???????????????????,???????

20
CHICAGO STYLE???????

• ??
• ??????
• ????
• ????
• ???????
• ?????
• ????????
• ?? / ????
• ????

21
????

• ???????,?????????(monographs)??,??????????????????
  ???????????,????????,????????????????????????,????
  ?????,??????
• ????????????????,??????????????,????,??????????(??
  ????,????????????)??RL???,????????????(??????,????
  ??????)??????????????,?2d ed."?"Vol.
  4"?????????????????,????????????(?Austin,
  Tex.),????????????????????,???????????????,???"Co.
  "?"Publishers"??"Inc."?????????????,?????????????,
  ??????????
• ????????
• N(??)Stanley A. Brown, What Customers Value
  Most How to Improve the Processes That Touch
  Your Customers (New York John Wiley Sons,
  1995), 20.
• B(????) Brown, Stanley A. What Customers Value
  Most How to Improve the Processes That Touch
  Your Customers. New York John Wiley Sons,
  1995.
• PR(??-??) (Brown 1995, 20)

22
????????

• Chicago Style?????????????(journals),
  ??(magazines), ??(newspapers)?????????????????????
  ?????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ?
• 1. ???????????????,????????
• NC. R. Watters, M. A. Shepherd, and F. J.
  Burkowski, Electronic News Delivery Project,
  Journal of the American Society for Information
  Science 49 (February 1998) 140.
• B Watters, C. R., M. A. Shepherd, and F. J.
  Burkowski. Electronic News Delivery Project.
  Journal of the American Society for Information
  Science 49 (February 1998) 134-150.
• PR (Watters, Shepherd, and Burkowski 1988, 140)

23
????????

• 2. ???????????
• ????????,???????
• NByron Reimus, The IT System That Couldnt
  Deliver, Harvard Business Review 75, no. 3
  (1997) 25, 30-32.
• B Reimus, Byron. The IT System That Couldnt
  Deliver. Harvard Business Review 75, no. 3
  (1997) 22-35.
• PR (Reimus 1997, 25, 30-32)

24
????????

• 3. ??????(Reviews in Periodicals)
• NJerry P. Miller, review of The global
  information society, by William J. Martin,
  Library Information Science Research 19, no. 1
  (1997) 105-106.
• B Miller, Jerry P. Review of The global
  information society, by William J. Martin.
  Library Information Science Research 19, no.1
  (1997) 105-106.
• PR (Miller 1997, 105-106)

25
??????

• ????????????,????????
• N Bruce Weber, The Myth Maker The Creative
  Mind of Novelist E. L. Doctorow, New York Times
  Magazine, 20 October 1985, 42.
• B Bruce Weber, The Myth Maker The Creative
  Mind of Novelist E. L. Doctorow, New York Times
  Magazine, 20 October 1985, 42.
• PR (Weber 1985, 42)

26
??????

• Turabian???????????????,???????????????????????,??
  ??????
• NJ. Schwartz, Obesity Affects Economics, Social
  Status, The Washington Post, September 30, 1993,
  A1, A4.
• B Schwartz, J. Obesity Affects Economics,
  Social Status. The Washington Post, September
  30, 1993, A1, A4.
• PR (Schwartz 1993, A1, A4)

27
?????????

• Turabian?????????????????????,????????????,????,??
  ???????????,????????,????????(parts of a
  book)????????,???????
• 1. ?????
• NAdam G. Janos, Cold War, in Encyclopedia
  Americana, 6th ed., vol.3, New York Macmillan,
  1996.
• B Janos, Adm G. Cold War. In Encyclopedia
  Americana. 6th ed., vol.3, New York Macmillian,
  1996.
• PR (Janos 1996)
• 2.??????
• NColumbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., s.v.(??) cold
  war.
• PR (Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., s.v. cold
  war)

28
???????

• ???????????,????????????????????????????????
• NRuth Maddox Swan, Perceived Performance and
  Disconfirmation of Expectations as Measures of
  Customer Satisfaction with Information Services
  in the Academic Library (Ph.D. diss., Florida
  state University, 1998), 10.
• B Swan, Ruth Maddox. Perceived Performance and
  Disconfirmation of Expectations as Measures of
  Customer Satisfaction with Information Services
  in the Academic Library. Ph.D. diss., Florida
  state University, 1998.
• PR (Swan 1998, 10.)

29
??????????

• ??????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????
  ????,???????????????????,?????????,???????????????
  ?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
  ????????,???????,?????
• ??????????????,???????????????????????????????
• NChristine L. Borgman, Human Factors in the Use
  of Information Systems Research Methods and
  Results, In Information research Research
  methods in library and information science
  Proceedings of the International Seminar on
  Information Research, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia,
  19-24 May 1986, Eds. N. Tudor-Silovie and I.
  Mihel (London Taylor Graham, 1988), 145.
• B Borgman, Christine L. Human Factors in the
  Use of Information Systems Research Methods and
  Results. In Information Research Research
  Methods in Library and Information Science
  Proceedings of the International Seminar on
  Information Research,
• PR (Borgman 1988, 145)

30
????/????

• ?????????????????????????
• NJ. Mazzeo and others, Comparability of
  Computer and Paper-And-Pencil Scores for Two CLEP
  General Examinations (College Board Rep. No.
  91-5). (Princeton, NJ Educational Testing
  Service, 1991), 10.
• B Mazzeo, J., B. Druesne, P. C. Raffeld, K. T.
  Checketts, and A. Muhlstein. Comparability of
  Computer and Paper-And-Pencil Scores for Two CLEP
  General Examinations. (College Board Rep. No.
  91-5). Princeton, NJ Educational Testing
  Service, 1991.
• PR (Mazzeo and others 1991, 10)

31
??????

• Chicago Style????????????????????,????????????.???
  ?APA Manual,??????????????,??????URL?????????
• NAmerican Library Association, The Final Report
  of the American Library Association President
  Committee on Information Literacy, 1999.
  http//www.ala.org/acrl/nili/ilit1st.html (6 June
  1999).
• B American Library Association. The Final
  Report of the American Library Association
  President Committee on Information Literacy.
  1999. http//www.ala.org/acrl/nili/ilit1st.html
  (6 June 1999).
• PR (American Library Association 1999)

32
??APA Style
33
(?)?????

• ????????????????,???????????????,?????????????????
  ??,??????????
• ???????
• APA???author-data?????????,????,??????????????????
  ????
• Rogers (1994) compared reaction timesIn a recent
  study of reaction times (Rogers,
  1994)?????????,????????????????,??????????????
• ??,????????????????,?????????,???????
• ???????
• ?????????????,?????(?????),??????????,???and,???
  ????????
• Rubin and Babbie (1997)???????(1989)
• ?????????????????,??????????????,????????????????,
  ???et al.,????????????,????????????????????,????
  ?????
• Wasserstein, Zappula, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock
  (1994) found??????????Wasserstein et al. (1994)
  found?????????????Wasserstein et al.
  found??????????,?????

34
?????

• ???????
• ????????????????????????????,???????,?????????????
  ????????????,????????,?????????????,????????????,?
  ???????,??????????
• ?????????(American Society for Information
  Science?ASIS?, 1998)???????(ASIS, 1998)
• ????(Classical Works)
• ????????????,???????,??????,????n. d. (no
  date),???????????????????
• (Aristotle, n. d.)

35
?????

• ?????????
• ????????????,?????????????????,?????p. ?chap.
  ??????
• (Cheek Buss, 1981, p. 332)
• (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)
• (Bergman, 1993, Vol. 26, pp. 501-508)
• ????(Personal Communications)
• ??????????????(memos)?????(??????????BBS??????),?
  ?????????????????????,??????????,????????????????
  ?,????????,??????????
• K. W. Schaie (personal communication, April 18,
  1993)
• (V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September
  28, 1993)

36
(?)???????

• ?????????????(Reference list)?????????????????????
  ??????????????????,??????????,????????????????????
  ??????????????????????,??????????????????????????
  ??
• ????????????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ????????????????????????,????????,????????????,??
  ????????????????

37
1. ??
?????,?????????????,??????
???? ???? ????
Chap.Ed.Rev. ed.2nd ed.Ed. (eds.)Trans.n. d.p. (pp.)Vol.Vols.No.Pt.Tech. Rep.Suppl. ChapterEditionRevised editionSecond editionEditor (Editors)Translator(s)No datePage (pages)Volume(as in Vol.4)Volumes(as in 4 vols.)NumberPartTechnical ReportSupplement ?????????????????(??)?(??)?????????
38
2. ???
???????????????????????,????????????,?????????????
,??????????????????????????????,????????
Baltimore New York Amsterdam Paris
Boston Philadelphia Jerusalem Rome
Chicago San Francisco London Stockholm
Los Angeles Milan Tokyo
Moscow Vienna
39
????????????????????????,?????
Location Abbreviation Location Abbreviation
AlabamaAlaskaAmerican Samoa ArizonaArkansasCaliforniaCanal ZoneColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaGuamHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippi ALAKASAZARCACZCOCTDEDCFLGAGUHIIDILINIAKSKYLAMEMDMAMIMNMS MissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhio OklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPuerto RicoRode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaVirgin IslandsWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming MOMTNENVNHNJNMNYNCNDOHOKORPAPRRISCSDTNTXUTVTVAVIWAWVWIWY
40
3. ????

• ??????????????????,??????????????????????????????
  ??,???????????????
• ??,??????????????,?????????????????(??????????????
  ??),??????????,???????????
• ??,???????????????,????????????,?J. R. 
  Kaufman?Kaufman,   J.R.?

41
4. ?????

• ????????????????,????????,APA????????????,????????
  ???

42
5. ???????

• ???????????????,??letter by letter???????,??Brown,
  J. R. ??Browning, A. R. ??MacArthur??McAllister?
  ?,?MacNeil??MCarthy????????????,?????,??
• Kim, L. S. (1991).Kim, L. S. (1994).
• ??????????????,????????,??
• Kaufman, J. R. (1991).Kaufman, J. R., Cochran,
  D. F. (1987).
• ??????,???????,????????????,??
• Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., Cochran, D. F.
  (1992).Kaufman, J. R., Wong, D. F.
  (1989).Letterman, D., Hall, A., Leno, J.
  (1993).Letterman, D., Hall, A., Seinfeld, J.
  (1993).
• ?????????,?????????,?????,??
• Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K. (1987).Kaufman, J.
  R., Jones, K. (1990).
• ????(????????????)????????,?????????????,?????????
  ?The?A?An,???????????a?b?c,???????
• Kanfman, J. R. (1990a). ControlKanfman, J. R.
  (1990b). Roles of
• ?????????????????(?American Psychological
  Association,??APA),???????????????????,?????,?????
  ?,??University of Michigan, Department of
  Psychology.??????,???????????????,??????????????

43
(?)????????

• ???????????????,???????????????????,??????????????
  ???????????????????????????,????????????,?????????
  ??????????
• APA???Author-Date?????????????????????????,???????
  ??????????????????
• ???????????????,???????????????,?????????????
• ??????????????,?????????????,????????????????????
  ?????????????????,???????
• ????????????and??,?????????????,?????????????????
  ?????????

44
1. ???????(Single Authors)

• ??????????????????,?????
• C(????)
• Author's last name (Year) (Author's last name,
  Year)??(??)(??,??)
• R(????)
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title. Location Publisher.
  ??(??)???????????
• ???????????,?????????,???????????,??????,?????????
  ????????????????,??????????

45
2. ???????

• ???????,????(?????)?????,????,??????,???and
  ????????????,?????????,??????
• C Last name of author A and Last name of author
  B (Year) (Last name of author A Last name of
  author B , Year)
• ??A???B(??)(??A???B,??)
• R Author A. A. Author B. B. (Year). Title.
  Location Publisher.
• ??A???B(??)???????????
• ?????????,????????????????????????????,?????,???
  ???????????????,?????????????????????????,????????
  ??

46
3. ?????????

• ?????????,???????????????,??????????????????(?????
  ),????????,???et al.???????????????,?????????
• C ????????? Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor,
  and Tindall (1994) state
• ?????Banister et al. (1994) point out
• ??????????Banister et al. Found
• R Banister, P., Burman, E., Parker, I., Taylor,
  M., Tindall, C. (1994). Qualitative methods in
  psychology A research guide. Buckingham, MK
  Open University Press.

47
4. ???????

• ???????????????,??????????,?????,????????????????
  ????,??????????????????,????????????????????????,?
  ??Author?Editor,???????????????????
• C ?????????(Library Association LA, 1991)
• ???????(LA, 1991)
• R Library Association. (1991). Children and
  young people Library Association guidelines for
  public library services. London Author.
• ?????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????
  ????????,???????????????????????,???Author?Editor,
  ???????????????????

48
5. ????

• ?????????,??????????????,?????,?????,?????????????
  ???????????
• C (Experimental psychology,1938)
• R Experimental psychology. (1938). New York
  Holt.

49
6. ????

• ????????
• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C.
  (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
  xx, xxx-xxx.
• ??????????????,?????? (journals)
  ?????(magazines)??????????(scholarly
  newsletters)?????????????????????????,????????????
  ??,??????????????
• ????????????,???????????????????(magazines)????(n
  ewspapers),???????????????????,???????????????????
  ???????,?????????????????????,???????,????????
• ?The future of writing centers Presidents
  address????????????,?????????????,???????????????
  ????????(italicized)????????????(??,?????vol.
  ???),?????,????????????????????????????????,??????
  ????????????????????,????????

50
7. ???????????

• ???????????,????????????????????????????,?????????
  ?(?????????????????),????????????????????,????????
  ??????????????
• ??Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation.
  Unpublished doctoral dissertation , Name of
  University, Location.???(??)???????????(?)???,????
  ,??????
• ? Swan, R. M. (1998). Perceived performance and
  disconfirmation of expectations as measures of
  customer satisfaction with information services
  in the academic library. Unpublished doctoral
  dissertation, Florida State University.

51
8.?????????(???)

• ??Author, A. A. (Year, month). Paper Title.
  Paper presented at the meeting of Tittle of
  Meeting, Location, Country.
• ??(??)???????????????,????,???
• ? Lanktree, C., Briere, J. (1991, January).
  Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for
  Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting
  of the American Professional Society on the Abuse
  of Children, San Diego, CA.

52
9.????/????

• ????(Technical Reports)??????(Research
  Reports)??????????????????????????????,???????????
  ???????????????????,???????,?????????
• ????
• Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report (Report
  no.). Location Publisher.??(??)?????(????)?????
  ???
• ????????????
• ??????????????,??????????????
• ?Broadhurst, R. G., Maller, R. A. (1991). Sex
  offending and recidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3).
  Nedlands, Western Australia University of
  Western Australia, Crime Research Centre.
• ??????????????
• ????????????issue briefs?working
  papers???????,??????????????
• ?Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992,
  February). Sources of health insurance and
  characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No.
  123). Washington, DC Author.

53
10. ????

• 1. ?????? (Citing Email Communicaitons)
• ??,???????????,??????????,????????,???????????????
  ???????APA's Publication Manual????? (personal
  communications)?????(4th ed., pp.
  173174)??????????????,??????????
• ????????
• L. A. Chafez (personal communication, March 28,
  1997).

54
????

• 2. ???? (Citing a Web Site)
• ??????????????,???????????????(URL),??????????????
  
• ?????????????????????(http//www.ala.org)?

55
????

• 3. ?????????(Citing Specific Documents on a Web
  Site)
• ??,???????????????,?????????????,????????????,????
  ?????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????
  ????,???????????,??APA Manual?retrieval
  statement????????
• (1)???????????
• Author/editor. (Date). Title (edition) Type of
  document. Location Creator. Retrieved date from
  the Available Protocol Site/Path/File
• ?American Library Association. (1999, May 19).
  Congress on Professional Education aims to
  improve library education News Release.
  Washington, DC Author. Retrieved June 5, 1999
  from the World Wide Web http//www.ala.org/news/v
  4n18/professionaleducation.html.

56
????

• (2)????????
• Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title,
  volume(issue), paging or indicator of length.
  Retrieved date from the Available Protocol
  Site/Path/File.
• ?Kraut, R. Lundmark, V. (1998). Internet
  paradox A social technology that reduces social
  involvement and psychological well-being?.
  American Psychologist, 53, 1017-1031. Retrieved
  June 6, 1999 from the World Wide Web
  http//www.apa.org/journals/amp5391017.html

57
????

• (3)????????
• Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title,
  volume(if given), paging or indicator of length.
  Retrieved date from the Available Protocol
  Site/Path/File.
• Chaffin, N. J. (1999, May). U.S. serial services
  price index for 1999. American Libraries, 94-95.
  Retrieved June 5, 1999 from the World Wide Web
  http//www.ala.org/alonline/archive/serials.pdf

58
????

• (4)????????
• Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper
  Title. Paging or indicator of length. Retrieved
  date from the Available Protocol Site/Path/File.
• Sleek, S. (1996, January). Psychologists build a
  culture of peace. APA Monitor, pp. 1, 33.
  Retrieved January 25, 1996 from the World Wide
  Web http//www.apa.org/monitor/top.html

59
????

• (5)??????
• Author. (Year). Title Abstract. Journal Title,
  volume(if given), Paging or indicator of length.
  Retrieved date from the Available Protocol
  Site/Path/File.
• Rosenthal, R. (1995). State of New Jersey v.
  Margaret Kelly Michaels An overview Abstract.
  Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 247271.
  Retrieved January 25, 1996 from the World Wide
  Web http//www.apa.org/journals/ab1.html

60
4. ??????????????

• ????????????????????,?retrieval
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  ??????????????????,??Web??????URL?

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(1)?????

• Author. (Year). Title. Retrieved from source
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• ?Easun, M.S. (1992). Identifying inefficiencies
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• Balraj, L. E. (1994). End User Satisfaction A
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• Davis, T. (1992). Examining educational
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