MOTIVATION

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• MOTIVATION
• EMOTION

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Motivation

• Motivation refers to the driving force behind
  behavior that leads us to pursue some things and
  avoid others
• What we want to do
• How strongly we want to do it

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Psychodynamic Perspective

• Psychodynamic perspective ( dualinstinct model)
  focuses on biological basis (drives) for
  motivation and includes
• Sex
• Love, lust, intimacy
• Aggression
• Aggressive behavior
• Desire to control other people and the environment

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Psychodynamic Perspective

• Psychodynamic theorists have added to more basic
  drives to Freuds dual-instinct model of sex and
  aggression
• Relatedness to others
• Self-Esteem

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Psychodynamic Perspective

• Psychodynamic theorists have also advanced
  Freuds concept of drives to include
• Wishes
• A desired state associated with emotion or
  arousal
• Fears
• An undesired state associated with unpleasant
  feelings

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Psychodynamic Perspective

• Conscious and unconscious motivations
• Conscious- We are aware of a given motivator
• Unconscious- Drives behavior but we are not aware
  of the motivator
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Used to detect unconscious motives
• Includes a series of ambiguous pictures
• Participants make up a story about the pictures

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Psychodynamic Perspective

• Self-report questions
• Tap into conscious motives
• Explicit in nature
• TAT
• Taps into unconscious motives
• Implicit in nature

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Behaviorist Perspective

• Theory of Operant Conditioning
• Focus on drive reduction
• Drive reduction involves meeting a current need
• Hungry - Find food
• Thirst - Find water

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Behaviorist Perspective

• Primary Drives
• Food-Water-Shelter
• Reproduction of the species
• Individual
• Society
• Secondary Drives
• Learned drives
• Status objects such as type of car, size of house

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Cognitive Theory

• Expectancy-value theory
• Actual ability
• Perceived ability
• Goal-setting theory
• Conscious goals for desired outcomes

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Other Motivators

• Intrinsic motivation
• Suggests we do something due to the enjoyment we
  receive from doing it
• Making love
• Self-determination theory
• Suggests we have innate motivation for
• Competence
• Autonomy
• Relatedness

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• Self-Actualization
• Esteem
• Belongingness
• Safety
• Physiological

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Maslows Hierarchy

• The paradox of Maslows hierarchy revolves around
  the fact that to self-actualize one must often
  place lower order motivations at risk
• Examples of this paradox include
• Moving away from home to go to graduate school
• Starting your own small business

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ERG Theory

• Applies Maslows hierarchy to the work
  environment
• Suggests that employees are motivated by
• Existence
• Will I still have a job tomorrow
• Relatedness
• Do I get along with my co-workers
• Growth
• Can I earn a promotion and do more interesting
  work

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Evolutionary Perspective

• Instincts
• Behaviors that require no learning
• What seems instinctive in one culture is ignored
  in another culture
• Flexibility- The human propensity to come up with
  novel approaches to solve problems
• Maximizing inclusive fitness
• Maximize reproductive success
• Best genetic mate versus someone you truly love

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Cultural Impact on Motivation

• Socioeconomic influences
• Advertising motivates us to secure certain
  objects
• The desire to fit in motivates consumption
  patterns

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What makes us hungry

• Biological
• Dropping levels of glucose and lipids in the
  bloodstream
• Receptors in the liver and brain send signals to
  the hypothalamus
• We become hungry
• External Cues
• Time of day
• Bakery blowing smell of bake goods onto the
  street

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Eating as a Motivator

• Metabolism
• Processes by which the body transforms food into
  energy
• Three phases of consumption
• Absorptive - Ingest food
• Fasting - Body transforms food into energy
• Homeostasis Constant state

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Homeostasis

• Set point
• Optimal level we strive to maintain
• Feedback mechanisms
• Provide body with the state of the system
• Hungry full
• Corrective mechanisms
• Seek to restore system to the set point
• Encourages us to eat or stop eating
• Satiety mechanisms
• Turns off ingestive behavior

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Obesity

• Defined as 15 or more above the ideal weight for
  ones height and age
• Correlates with socioeconomic status
• Increased risk for
• Heart attack
• Diabetes (Type II)
• High blood pressure

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Culture, Gender and Weight

• North America is obsessed with thinness
• More pressure on women to be thin
• African-American women reported as more satisfied
  with their weight than white women
• Negative stereotypes about obese
• Discrimination based on obesity is still legal

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Sexual Motivation

• Universal drive that varies in its expression by
  culture and by individual
• Reproduction of the species

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Sexual Response Cycles

• Excitement
• Plateau
• Orgasm
• Resolution

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Sexual Motivation

• Organizational Effects
• Involves developing circuitry of the brain to
  perform sexual activity
• Activational Effects
• Hormones active brain circuits involved with
  sexual desire

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Sexual Orientation

• The direction of ones enduring sexual attraction
• Attitudes towards homosexuality vary widely
  across cultures and within a given culture
• Recent research suggests a homosexual orientation
  is heritable and not a conscious choice

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Psychosocial Motives

• Need for Relatedness
• We need to belong to something greater than
  ourselves
• Family, social club, group of friends at work
• Attachment Motivation
• Desire for physical and psychological closeness
  (Intimacy) to another person
• Hugs
• Affiliation
• Physical and social interaction with like minded
  people

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Achievement Other Agency Motives

• Includes
• Power
• Competence
• Achievement
• Autonomy
• Self-esteem

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Need for Achievement

• The need for achievement varies widely by culture
• Performance - Approach
• Seek to attain a goal (achieve success)
• Performance Avoidance
• Seek to avoid a hazard (avoid failure)
• Mastery Goals
• Master a skill such as become an accomplished
  painter

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Emotion

• Emotion involves an evaluative response (positive
  or negative feeling) that often includes some
  combination of
• Physiological arousal
• Subjective experience
• Behavioral or emotional expression

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Emotion

• James-Lange Theory
• Emotions originate in peripheral nervous system
  responses that the central nervous system then
  interprets
• Cannon-Baird Theory
• Emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit
  both an emotional experience and bodily responses

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Emotion as a Subjective Exp.

• Involves what it feels like to experience a given
  emotion such as sadness, joy, etc.
• The subjective experiences of individuals vary
  widely

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Emotional Expression

• Refers to the overt behavioral signs of emotion
• We use different facial muscles for different
  emotions
• Facial expressions not only reflect an motion but
  also influence the experience of emotion
• Display Rules
• Patterns of expression considered appropriate
  within a given culture

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Basic Emotions

• Include
• Fear
• Anger
• Happiness
• Sadness
• Disgust
• Positive Affect (Pleasant emotions)
• Negative Affect (Unpleasant emotions)

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Emotions and the Body

• Emotional processes are distributed throughout
  the nervous system
• Amygdala
• Involved in evaluating emotional significance
• Also involved in evaluating other peoples
  emotions

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Emotions and the Body

• Emotional reactions appear to follow two distinct
  neural pathways
• A quick response runs from the thalamus to the
  amygdala and then to the hypothalamus
• A slower response runs from the thalamus-to the
  cortex- to the amygdala and then to the
  hypothalamus
• Emotional Regulation
• Refers to our efforts to control emotional states

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Theories on Emotions

• Psychodynamic Perspective
• We can be unconscious of our emotional experience
• Cognitive Perspective
• SchachterSinger Theory suggests that emotion
  occurs as people interpret their physiological
  arousal
• Evolutionary Perspective
• Emotion plays an important role in communication
  between members of a species