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The Industrial Revolution

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Title: The Industrial Revolution


1
The Industrial Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution - Social and economic
    changes that occurred as a result of the
    introduction of machinery to replace hand
    production beginning in the 1700s
  • As new inventions and industries developed they
    spun off more industries.
  • Industrialization led to revolutions in medicine,
    science, and culture and had both positive and
    negative effects.

2
  • Basic characteristics of the Industrial
    Revolution
  • Increased use of machinery into manufacturing
  • Introduction of new power sources.
  • Steam
  • Electricity
  • Oil
  • Manufacturing was geared to mass production
    through the use of
  • Interchangeable parts
  • Specialization
  • Assembly lines
  • Production moves from home (cottage) to factories
  • Dramatic growth in capitalism and corporations
  • Spread of industrialization from Great Britain to
    other parts of the Europe and world.

3
Basic Causes of the Industrial Revolution
  • The Commercial Revolution
  • An economic revolution in Europe between
    1500-1750 as a result of exploration and
    colonization. The wealth helped finance the
    Industrial Revolution
  • The Scientific and Intellectual Revolutions
  • Social Revolutions of the 16th and 17th
    centuries that created an atmosphere of invention
    and experimentation
  • The Agricultural Revolution
  • Changes in agriculture that led to greater food
    production and increased population. This created
    a large labor pool to work in factories.

4
The Enclosure Movement
  • The British Parliament passed Enclosure Laws in
    the late 1600s which required the fencing of
    farmland. The result was
  • Small farmers couldnt afford fencing and were


    forced to sell to wealthy farmers who
    began fencing in common land.
  • Small farmers were forced to become tenant
    farmers or move to cities in search of work.
  • Urban populations grew rapidly and a large labor
    pool developed in the cities.

5
World Population Growth
7 billion
6.7 billion
2011
6 billion
1997
5 billion
2 billion
1994
1 billion
1987
1950
1860
6
British Population Growth
  • 1770
  • London 770,000
  • Manchester 27.200
  • Liverpool 34,400

7
British Population Growth
  • 1770
  • London 770,000 2,400,000
  • Manchester 27,200 400,000
  • Liverpool 34,400 375,000

1850
8
Why Industrialization Began in England
  • The necessary factors of production were
    available
  • Land - Natural resources Coal, iron, rivers,
    harbors.
  • Labor - Enclosure had created a large labor pool
    necessary to run factories.
  • Capital - Commercial Revolution enriched many who
    wanted to invest their wealth in
    industrialization.
  • Management - An educated middle class provided
    people to pull resources together and manage
    factories.
  • Government - British government was stable by the
    1700s and provided incentives for
    industrialization.

9
Why Industrialization Began in England
  • Isolation - British Isles were isolated from the
    wars and revolutions that ravaged Europe in the
    1700s
  • Markets - Because Britain had a large empire, it
    had a large market for its finished goods
  • Large Fleet - Britain had the worlds strongest
    navy and a large commercial fleet to carry its
    goods abroad.

10
The Industrial Revolution Began in the Textile
Industry
  • The textile industry was the first industry in
    Great Britain to become mechanized. Cotton cloth
    had been imported into England since the Middle
    Ages. It was popular but expensive. As Britain
    expanded its empire, the demand for cotton grew
    rapidly. British merchants began importing raw
    cotton and hired spinners and weavers to make it
    into cloth. This was done in the home as part of
    a domestic system. The demand, however was much
    greater than supply. As a result, inventors began
    looking for ways to increase production. Numerous
    inventions led to increased production and a
    shift away from the domestic system to a factory
    system.

11
Seed Drill 1721Jethro Tull
12
Cottage Spinning
  • Spinning of thread was initially done in the home
    on a single spinning wheel usually by the female
    of the household.
  • Thread would then be woven into cloth when time
    allowed or sold to weavers.

13
Cottage Weaving
  • Thread would be woven into cloth typically done
    on a hand loom by a single weaver.
  • Usually the male of the household during
    non-growing seasons
  • Finished cloth would be sold to merchants or
    tailors.

14
Flying Shuttle John Kay1733
  • Doubled productivity of the weaver.
  • Led to greater demand for thread.

15
Spinning JennyJames Hargreaves1764
  • Produced 8 times the amount of thread as the
    single spinning wheel.
  • Temporarily met the demand for thread

16
Water FrameRichard Arkwright1769
  • Water powered spinning machine
  • Made thread quicker and stronger, though coarser
  • Too large for home. Led to start of factory system

17
Spinning MuleSamuel Crompton1779
  • Combined best features of the spinning jenny and
    water frame.
  • Made stronger and finer thread much faster.
  • Could only be located in large factories near
    water.
  • Created oversupply of thread. Faster weaving
    methods needed.

18
Power LoomEdmund Cartwright1785
  • Water powered weaving machine.
  • One person could weave as much as 200 hand
    weavers.
  • Allowed cheap production of cloth which created
    greater demand for cotton

19
Cotton GinEli Whitney1793
  • Removed seeds from cotton.
  • Could do the work of 50 people.
  • Cotton production was greatly increased.
  • American south became worlds cotton producing
    center.
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