The Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution - Social and economic
  changes that occurred as a result of the
  introduction of machinery to replace hand
  production beginning in the 1700s
• As new inventions and industries developed they
  spun off more industries.
• Industrialization led to revolutions in medicine,
  science, and culture and had both positive and
  negative effects.

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• Basic characteristics of the Industrial
  Revolution
• Increased use of machinery into manufacturing
• Introduction of new power sources.
• Steam
• Electricity
• Oil
• Manufacturing was geared to mass production
  through the use of
• Interchangeable parts
• Specialization
• Assembly lines
• Production moves from home (cottage) to factories
• Dramatic growth in capitalism and corporations
• Spread of industrialization from Great Britain to
  other parts of the Europe and world.

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Basic Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• The Commercial Revolution
• An economic revolution in Europe between
  1500-1750 as a result of exploration and
  colonization. The wealth helped finance the
  Industrial Revolution
• The Scientific and Intellectual Revolutions
• Social Revolutions of the 16th and 17th
  centuries that created an atmosphere of invention
  and experimentation
• The Agricultural Revolution
• Changes in agriculture that led to greater food
  production and increased population. This created
  a large labor pool to work in factories.

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The Enclosure Movement

• The British Parliament passed Enclosure Laws in
  the late 1600s which required the fencing of
  farmland. The result was
• Small farmers couldnt afford fencing and were
  
  
  forced to sell to wealthy farmers who
  began fencing in common land.
• Small farmers were forced to become tenant
  farmers or move to cities in search of work.
• Urban populations grew rapidly and a large labor
  pool developed in the cities.

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World Population Growth
7 billion
6.7 billion
2011
6 billion
1997
5 billion
2 billion
1994
1 billion
1987
1950
1860
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British Population Growth

• 1770
• London 770,000
• Manchester 27.200
• Liverpool 34,400

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British Population Growth

• 1770
• London 770,000 2,400,000
• Manchester 27,200 400,000
• Liverpool 34,400 375,000

1850
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Why Industrialization Began in England

• The necessary factors of production were
  available
• Land - Natural resources Coal, iron, rivers,
  harbors.
• Labor - Enclosure had created a large labor pool
  necessary to run factories.
• Capital - Commercial Revolution enriched many who
  wanted to invest their wealth in
  industrialization.
• Management - An educated middle class provided
  people to pull resources together and manage
  factories.
• Government - British government was stable by the
  1700s and provided incentives for
  industrialization.

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Why Industrialization Began in England

• Isolation - British Isles were isolated from the
  wars and revolutions that ravaged Europe in the
  1700s
• Markets - Because Britain had a large empire, it
  had a large market for its finished goods
• Large Fleet - Britain had the worlds strongest
  navy and a large commercial fleet to carry its
  goods abroad.

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The Industrial Revolution Began in the Textile
Industry

• The textile industry was the first industry in
  Great Britain to become mechanized. Cotton cloth
  had been imported into England since the Middle
  Ages. It was popular but expensive. As Britain
  expanded its empire, the demand for cotton grew
  rapidly. British merchants began importing raw
  cotton and hired spinners and weavers to make it
  into cloth. This was done in the home as part of
  a domestic system. The demand, however was much
  greater than supply. As a result, inventors began
  looking for ways to increase production. Numerous
  inventions led to increased production and a
  shift away from the domestic system to a factory
  system.

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Seed Drill 1721Jethro Tull
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Cottage Spinning

• Spinning of thread was initially done in the home
  on a single spinning wheel usually by the female
  of the household.
• Thread would then be woven into cloth when time
  allowed or sold to weavers.

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Cottage Weaving

• Thread would be woven into cloth typically done
  on a hand loom by a single weaver.
• Usually the male of the household during
  non-growing seasons
• Finished cloth would be sold to merchants or
  tailors.

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Flying Shuttle John Kay1733

• Doubled productivity of the weaver.
• Led to greater demand for thread.

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Spinning JennyJames Hargreaves1764

• Produced 8 times the amount of thread as the
  single spinning wheel.
• Temporarily met the demand for thread

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Water FrameRichard Arkwright1769

• Water powered spinning machine
• Made thread quicker and stronger, though coarser
• Too large for home. Led to start of factory system

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Spinning MuleSamuel Crompton1779

• Combined best features of the spinning jenny and
  water frame.
• Made stronger and finer thread much faster.
• Could only be located in large factories near
  water.
• Created oversupply of thread. Faster weaving
  methods needed.

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Power LoomEdmund Cartwright1785

• Water powered weaving machine.
• One person could weave as much as 200 hand
  weavers.
• Allowed cheap production of cloth which created
  greater demand for cotton

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Cotton GinEli Whitney1793

• Removed seeds from cotton.
• Could do the work of 50 people.
• Cotton production was greatly increased.
• American south became worlds cotton producing
  center.