????????S ??G????s ??. ??T?G???S

1
????????S ??G????s??. ??T?G???S
?T???? ??? ??????S?????? ??????S?????
?T??O? F??????????? ????? ?????S F??????G?OS??S

• S??????
• G????? S???????
• ?????? G??F?S
• ??????FOS? S?????O?
• ????S????????S
• ?F????G?S
• ?????S ???G?S

http//eclass.uoa.gr/courses/PHARM140/
2
S???a?a ???sµ??

• ?a s???a?a e??a? ????? s?stat??? ???? t?? ???t??
  ???a??sµ??.
• S???? ???µ????ta? ?dat????a?e? ?a? e??a?,
  ?e????te?a, p????d???????µ??e? e??se?? p??
  pe??????? ?a?ß?????? (a?de?d??? ? ?et?????).
• St?? ?d?a ?at?????a e?t?ss??ta? ?a? ta p?????ta
  ??e?d?s?? ? a?a????? t?? sa?????? (???????? ???a,
  p?????e?), ?a??? ?a? ta este????, a??e????, ?a?
  a??t???a pa?????? t??? (aµ???s???a?a).
• ?p? t?? ?e???? t?p? C?(H2O)?, sta a??????
  carbohydrate(s)

3
St??? f?t????? ???a??sµ??? apa?t??ta?

• sa? d?µ??? st???e?a st?????? (??tta???? ?a?
  ????? p???sa??a??te? t?? t????µ?t??)
• sa? e?e??e?a??? ap????e?, ?p? µ??f? p???µe???
  (?µ???) p?? ap????e???? t?? ???a?? e????e?a, ?
  ?p??a p??s?aµß??eta? µe t? d?ad??as?a t??
  f?t?s???es??
• sa? s?stat??? d?af???? µetaß???t?? ?????e???
  ???a, s??????µa, ?a??? ?a? ?p? t? µ??f?
  p???????µ?? ?????s?d??, ? ????? t?? ?p???? sp???a
  e??a? ap?saf???sµ????.
• sa? apa?a?t?ta p??d??µa µ???a ???? t?? ?p????p??
  µetaß???t?? s??µat????ta? ?at? t? d????e?a t??
  f?t?s???es?? ap? d???e?d?? t?? ????a?a ?a? ?e??
  ?a? ap?te???? t? ß?s? ??a t? s??µat?sµ? ???? t??
  ???a????? e??se?? t?? ???t?? ???a??sµ??.

4
?at?????e?

• ????sa??a??te? (? ap?? s???a?a) µe ?e???? t?p?
  C?(H2O)?, ta ?p??a ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? t??
  pa???s?a µ?a? a?de?d???? (a?d??e?) ? ?et??????
  ?a?ß?????µ?da? (?et??e?) ?a? ap? (?-1)
  ?d??????µ?de?. O a???µ?? at?µ?? ????a?a
  ??µa??eta? ap? t?e?? µ???? e???a, ?st?s? s??????
  e??a? p??te (pe?t??e?) ? ??? (e???e?).
• ?????sa??a??te? ?a? p???sa??a??te?, p??
  p???????ta? ap? s??d?asµ? pe??ss?te???
  µ???sa??a??t??, µ?s? t?? ?e??µe??? ?????s?d????
  desµ?? (ap??? ? a???e?? sa??a??te? ? ???s?de?) ?
  s??d?asµ? µ???sa??a??t?? µe ???e? µ? sa??a??d????
  e??se?? (s??e??µ???? sa??a??te? ? ete??s?de? ?
  et??s?d???? ?????s?de?)
• ta 2-des???- ?a? ?? 6-des???- s???a?a pe???????
  ?-2 ?d??????µ?de?, e?? ?p?????? ?a? ta
  2,6-d?des??? s???a?a
• glycoside -glucoside

5
???s?de?-?te??s?de?

• ?p??? ? a???e?? sa??a??te? ? ???s?de?
  p???????ta? ap? t? s??e??? µ???sa??a??t??.
  ??????a µe t?? a???µ? t?? d?µ???? µ???d??
  d?a??????ta? se ?????sa??a??te? (lt10 µ???de?)
  ?a? se p???sa??a??te? (gt10 µ???de?).
•  
• ?te??s?de? ? s??e??µ???? sa??a??te? e??a?
  ap?t??esµa s??µat?sµ?? desµ?? µeta?? e???
  sa?????? (µ???s?a??a??t? ? ?????sa??a??t? ?a?
  e??? µ????? µ? sa?????? (?e???? ? ??????).
• ?-?????s?d?? (p.?. ta ?????e?t?d?a).
• a???????? ? fa??????? ?d??????µ?da
  ?-?????s?d??. ?d? a???e? ? s??t??pt??? p?e????f?a
  t?? a?a???µ?t?? ete??s?d?? p?? ?a?a?t??????? t?
  f?t??? ßas??e?? (sap????e?, f?aß???e?d?,
  ?????a??a??e?d? ??p).
• ?p?s??, ?p?????? ?a? ?? C-?????s?de?, st???
  ?p????? ? desµ?? sa??????-?e????? d?µ?????e?ta?
  ap e??e?a? a??µesa se d?? ?t?µa ????a?a (a?????
  ap? t?? a???, f?aß???e?d? t?? pass?f???a ).
• ?????, ?? S-ete??s?de?, ?e????a d?µ??? a?????a
  t?? ?-ete??s?d??, ???st?? ?a? µe t?? ???µas?a
  ?????s?????d?a glucosinolates, ?a?a?t???????
  ???sµ??a f?t??? e?d?, ?d??? st?? ???????e?e?
  Brassicaceae ?a? Capparidaceae.

6
?????? G??F?S S?????O?
ß-D-???????
7
???µat?????a sa??????
? ???µas?a t?? sa?????? ßas??eta? st?? a???µ?
at?µ?? ????a?a t?? µ????? tet????, pe?t???,
e????, ept???, ?a? st? e?d?? t?? ?a?ß?????µ?da?
(p.?. ? D-??ß??? ?a? ? D-?????? e??a? a?d??e? e??
? D-??ß?????? ?a? ? D-????????? e??a? ?et??e?).
? a???µ?s? t?? at?µ?? ????a?a p?a?µat?p??e?ta?
µe afet???a t?? a?de?d??? ????a?a ?, st??
?et??e?, µe t??p? t?t??? ?ste ? ?et??????
????a?a? ?a f??e? t? µ????te?? a???µ?s?.
8
???a???e?-f???a???e??e?t??e?-e???e?
9
??????S? S? D/L

• ?? te?e?ta?? ??
• ???? ta de???
• D
• ?? te?e?ta?? ??
• ???? ta a??ste??
• L
• ???a??et?? ???sµ?? 1906 µe ß?s? t? ()
  ????e???a?de?d?
• ?St??f??? ??a??t?ta

10
??????s? se a/ß a??µe??
ß ???? ap? t? ep?ped? a ??t? ap? t?
ep?ped?
?s??e? ??a ta D-s???a?a
11
???p?? ??af?? a?a????d??????????-?s?µe????
d??ta??
?s?µe????
???????

• ?? ete????????? ??????? t?p??ete?ta? p?s? de???
  ?a? ? a??µe???? ??s? d?p?a t?? de???.
• ?? a??????? ?p??atast?te? t?p??et???ta? e?a????
  ???eta p??? ?a? ??t? ap? t? ep?ped? µe ?ate????s?
  p??? t? s?µe?? p?? de???e? ? ????a t??
  a?a????d??? st?? ?p??a s??d???ta?.
• ?? ?s?µe????? ?p??atast?te? s??d???ta? se ???e
  s?µe?? µe a?t??et? ?ate????s? ap? t??? a????????
  ?a? ???t????ta? de??? ? a??ste?? a?????a µe ta a?
  ß??s???ta? de??? ? a??ste?? t?? ?e?t????? ??aµµ??

12
??aµ??f?µe?? 1C4 - 4C1
4C1
1C4
1
1

• ??s? ? s?et??? ?s? ?a? ? ap???t? ste?e???µe?a
  st?? pa?ap??? d?µ?? e??a? ta?t?s?µ?. ?????
  ?s?µ??e?a d?aµ??f?s??.
• G?a ???e s???a?? ep???ate? d?af??et???
  d?aµ??f?µe??? µe ßas??? ???t???? ? ????d?ste???
  ?p??atast?t?? ?a e??a? se ?s?µe???? d??ta??
• G?a t? ß-D-??????? ep???ate? ? d?aµ??f?s? 4C1.
  ???a? ? p?? d?aded?µ??? d?µ??? µ???da st? f?s?
  ??at? ???? ?? ?p??atast?te? ????? ?s?µe????
  d??ta??

13
D/L se a??????d??
180?
S??s? ?at?pt???
4
1
ß-D-???????
ß-L-???????
??ast??f? se ??a ta as?µµet?a ???t?a
1
4C1 - 1C4
S?st?
4

• D ? ?p??atast?t?? t?? 6 ??s?? p??? ap? t?
  ep?ped?
• L ? ?p??atast?t?? t?? 6 ??s?? ??t? ap? t? ep?ped?

14
a/ß sta L s???a?a

• Sta L s???a?a ????µe a?t?st??f? t?? ?????a? a ?a?
  ß st?? a??µe???? ??s? µe t?? p???p??es? ?t? t?
  ete????????? ??????? ???feta? p?s? ?a? de??? µe
  t?? a??µe???? ??s? de??? d?p?a st? ???????

L-???????
a
ß
Sta L s???a?a ß ??t? ap? t? ep?ped? a
p??? ap? t? ep?ped?
15
?????????? F?????? ????S????????S

• ?e?t??e?
• ? D-??ß??? e??a? ????? s?stat??? ?e?????
  e??p??s?? (?????e??? ???a) ?a? ?? f?sf??????
  est??e? t?? ?at????? ?eµe???d? µetaß?????
  s?µas?a. ?? ?d?? ?s??e? ?a? ??a t?? a?t?st????
  ?et???, t?? D-??ß??????.
• ? L-a?aß????? ?a? ? D-?????? e??a? s?????sµ??a
  s?stat??? p???p????? p???sa??a??t??
  ?µ???tta???e? (??????????e?, ?????e?,
  ???????????????e?, a?aß????????e?,
  ??????????a?aß????????e?), p???sa??a??te?
  p??t????, ß????e? ?a? p???µe?? f?t??? e????µµata
  (??µµea). ?pa?t??ta? ep?s?? se d??f?????
  ete??s?de? ?????s?de?, ?????? fa?????????.

16
????e?

• ?? pe??ss?te?e? apa?t??ta? s?ed?? pa?t?? a?t?
  ?s??e? ??a t?? D-??????? ? t?? D-µa?????
  (ep?µe??? t?? D-???????? st?? C-2), ?a??? ep?s??
  ??a t?? D-?a?a?t???, ep?µe??? t?? D-???????? st??
  C-4. ?? ?a? ? ??????? apa?t?ta? t?s? e?e??e??,
  ?s? ?a? µ?sa se p???sa??a??t???? d?µ?? (?µ???,
  ??tta???? ?a? ???e? ??????e?), ta ep?µe?? t??
  st?? C-2 ?a? C-4 ?p?????? s?ed?? ap???e?st??? sa?
  p???µe?? (p.?. µa????e?, ?????- ?a?
  ?a?a?t?µa????e? t?? Fabaceae). ? D-?a?a?t???
  e??a? p?? ????? se µ??f? ete??s?d???? ?????s?d?
• ? ?et??? p?? a?t?st???e? st?? D-??????? ?a? t??
  D-µa????? e??a? ? D-f????t???. ?p???e? ?f???? se
  e?e??e?? µ??f? sta f???ta, e?? e??a? e??s??
  d?aded?µ??? ?a? sa? d?sa??a??t?? (sa??a????).
  ?pa?t?ta? ep?s?? se ?????sa??a??te?, p.?. se
  pa?????a sa??a????? µe ?a?a?t??? ?af?????,
  sta????? ?a? ?????te??? ?.?. ?µ????a µ???a. ?
  ?d?a ?et??? µp??e? ep?s?? ?a s??µat??e?
  ap????e?t??? p???µe??, t?? f????t??e? (???????e?,
  f?e???).
• St?? ?????µe?e?? ?a? p???µe?e?? d?µ??, ?
  D-f????t??? ß??s?eta? ?p? µ??f?
  ß-D-f????t?f???a?????, e?? st?? e?e??e??
  ?at?stas? e???e?ta? ? µ??f? ß-D-f????t?p??a?????,
  p?? e??a? p?? sta?e??. ?? ?p????pe? e???e? e??a?
  p?? sp???e? sta a??te?a f?t? (D-a?????, D-?d???).

17
?es???-s???a?a

• 2-des?????ß??? s?stat??? t?? DNA,
• sta f?t? ?????? s?µßa??e? µ?a ? d?? a????????e?
  ?µ?de? e??? sa?????? ?a ap?µa??????ta? µe
  a?a????, p.?. ?? 6-des???e???e? ?a? ??
  2,6-d?des???e???e?.
• 6-?es???e???e?. Se µe????? pe??pt?se?? ?????
  e??e?a e??p??s?, ?p?? ? L-?aµ????
  (6-des???-L-µa?????), ??a s?stat??? ete???e???
  p???sa??a??t?? ?a? a?a???µ?t?? ?????s?d??.
• ? L-f??????, ? ?p??a e??a? ? 6-des???-L-?a?a?t???,
  e??a? ?a?a?t???st??? sta p???µe?? ap? f???
  Phaeophyceae, ?a? se ???sµ??a ??µµea
  (t?a???a??a). ? D-????ß??? ( 6-des???-D-???????)
  e??a? t? sa??a??t??? tµ?µa t??te?pe?????
  ?????s?d?? ap? e?d? Cinchona.
• O??sµ??e? 6-des???e???e? apa?t??? sa?
  µe???est??e? ?a? e??a? ?a?a?t???st???? t??
  ?a?d??t???t???? ?????s?d??, ?p?? ? L-??ßet???
  (6-des???-3-?-µe????-L-???????) ?a? ?
  D-d???ta???? (6-des???-3-?-µe????-D-?a?a?t???).
• 2,6-??des???e???e?. Sta s???a?a a?t?, ta ?p??a,
  ?p?? ?a? ta p??????µe?a, s???? e??a? µe?????µ??a
  ?a? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?a?d??t???t????
  ?????s?d??, s?µpe???aµß??eta? ? D-d???t?????
  (2,6-d?des??? -D-a?????), ? L-??ea?d????
  (2,6-d?des???-3-?-µe????-L-µa?????) ?a? ?
  D-s?µa???? (2,6- d?des??? -3-?-µe????-
  D-a?????).

18
???????? ???a

• ?a ???????? ???a e??a? p?????ta ??e?d?s??
• e?????, µe t? d??s? e?d???? af?d?????as??, sta
  ?p??a ? p??t?ta??? ?d??????µ?da ??e? ??e?d??e? se
  ?a?ß?????µ?da.
• ?? D-???????????? ?a? t? D-?a?a?t???????? ???
  e??a? f?s???????? s?stat??? t?? p???sa??a??t??
  t?? t????µ?t?? (?d?a?te?a t?? p??t????), t??
  ß?e???? (p.?. a??a?a), ?a??? ?a? t?? pe??ss?te???
  p???sa??a??t???? f?s?? e????µµ?t?? (p.?. ??µµ?
  ste??????a?).
• ???a ???a, ????te?? ?????, e??a? ep?s?? s?stat???
  p???µe???, ?p?? t? D-µa?????????? ??? ?a? t?
  L-???????????? ???, ap? ta ?p??a p???????ta? ta
  a??????? ???a t?? ?????? Fucus.

19
?µ???s???a?a

• ?a aµ???s???a?a e??a? ?eµe???d? s?stat??? t??
  ßa?t???a??? p???sa??a??t??.
• ???s???ta? ?p? µ??f? p???µe??? sta a????p?da
  (??t?µa) ?a? sta µa?a??st?a?a ?a?????e?d?
  (??t???), e??a? s?stat??? t?? ??????
  ?????p??te???? ?a? e??a? pa???ta se ???sµ?????
  µ???te?
• Sp???a se a??te?a f?t? (p.?. ? 2-a?etaµ?d?-2-des??
  ?-D-??????? t?? ?????p??te???? ?a? t??
  ???????p?d???).

20
?????????? ????S????????S ?? F??????????? ???S?

• G??????
• ??????ta ?d????s?? aµ????
• F????t???
• ????GOG? ????S???????O? ?? F??????????? ???S?
• S??ß?t???
• ?a???t???
• ????t???
• ?s???ß??? ???

21
?. G??????

• ?? ?a? pa???sa se af????a se p???? f?t??? e?d?, ?
  ??????? de? pa?a?aµß??eta? µe e?????s? ??a
  eµp????? ???s?. ?a?as?e???eta? µe e???µat???
  ?d????s? t?? aµ????, µe s??d?asµ??? d??s? t??
  a-aµ???s?? ?a? t?? aµ????????s?d?s??.
• ???f?? ???????? ??????? ???d??, µ????d????
  ??????? ?a? ???? ??????? (3? ??d?s? t??
  e???pa???? Fa?µa??p???a?).
• ? d?af??? a??µesa st?? d?? fa?µa?e?t???? µ??f??
  ???????? se s???? (???d?? ?a? µ????d????) e??a?
  ?t? ? de?te?? ??e? pe??e?t???t?ta se ?e?? µeta??
  7 ?a? 9,5. ? ???? fa?µa?e?t??? ??????? ??e? DEgt
  20 DE e??a? ta ?s?d??aµa de?t????? ? t? p?s?st?
  a?a??????? sa?????? ?? p??? t?? ???? µ??a,
  e?f?asµ???? se ??????? (de?t????)
• ???s? ? ??????? ?????e?ta? pa?e?te???? ?p? µ??f?
  ?dat???? d?a??µat??. ?? e?de??e?? ??a ??????s?
  e??s?µ?? d?a??µµat?? (5 ?a? 10) e??a? p??????
  t?? e?d?- ?a? e????tt???a? af?d?t?s??, s??????
  e??d?t?s? (?ta? ? ap??e?a ?e??? ?pe?ßa??e? t??
  ap??e?a ?????????? ?at???? ?a? ?????
  ??e?t????t??), p??f??a?? ?a? ?e?ape?a t?? ??t?s??
  se pe??pt?se?? ?p?s?t?sµ??. ?a d?a??µata a?t?
  e??a? µ?s?? ??????s?? ?e?µ?d??, a??? ?a? fa?µ????
  p??-, ?at? ?a? µet? ap? ?e?????????? epeµß?se??.
  ???s?µa d?a??µata ?pe?t????? (15, 20, 30 ?a? 50)
  p????????ta? ??a pa?e?te???? ????? (p??s????
  ?e?µ?d??) ?a? ?e?ape?t??? a???? t??
  ?p?????a?µ?a?.

22
?. ???a p?????ta ß??µ??a??a? aµ????

• ?? µa?t?de?t???e? ????? ?aµ??? t?µ? DE(lt 20)
  µ??µa p???sa??a??t??, ap?t??esµa µe?????
  ?d????s?? t?? aµ????. ???a? ?e??? s????, ? ?p??a
  d?aspe??eta? st? ?e?? ?a? d??e? pa???e?st? ????.
  ?? µa?t?de?t???e? ???s?µ?p?????ta? se pa?d????
  t??f??, sa? s???????t???? pa?????te? ??a
  ?e??????????? ep?d?sµ??? ?a?, st? fa?µa??te???a,
  ??a t?? ?????p???s? ? ?a? sa? ?p?st??µa ?at? t??
  ???a?s? d?a ?e?asµ??.
• Ta s???p?a ???????? ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? t?? t?µ?
  DE ?a? ap? t? ßa?µ? p???µe??sµ?? (D?) t??
  sa?????? ap? ta ?p??a s??µat????ta?.
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?????? st?? te???????a t??f?µ??.
• Ta s???p?a ???????? eµp???t?sµ??a se f????t???
  (HFCS, high fructose corn syrups)???µ????ta? ?a?
  ?s???????e?. ?e??????? 40 90 f????t??? ?a?
  pa?as?e?????ta? µe e???µat??? µetat??p? t??
  s???p??? ???????? ?a? st? s????e?a, ??a ta HFS 80
  90, µe ???µat???af??? d?a????sµ? t?? ????????,
  µe ??t??e?. ?a HFS, ?????? ta ta HFS - 42 ?a? HFS
  -55, µp????? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? sa? ????a?t????
  pa?????te? se ???? pa?as?e??sµata.
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? e????? st?? te???????a t??f?µ??
  (ae?????a p?t?, ?a?a?t???µ??? p?????ta, p?????ta
  a?t?p???a? ??p.)

23
G. D-f????t???

• ?a???sa se ??a s?ed?? ta f???ta, ?a??? ?a? st?
  µ???, ? D-f????t??? e??a? d??at?? ?a pa?a??f?e?
  ß??µ??a???? µe ?d????s? t?? ????????? (p???µe???
  ?a?a?t???st??? ???sµ???? Asteraceae ???a????,
  ???????), µe d?a????sµ? ap? ?µße?t?s???a?a ? ap?
  HFCS.
• D-f????t??? ?eß??????.
• ?p??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ??a pa?e?te???? s?t?s?
  ?a? ep?s??, e??a? s???a?? µe e?d?af????sa ???s?
  st? d?a?ta ???sµ???? d?aß?t???? ?a? st? d?at??f?
  t?? a???t??. ? ap????f?s? t?? ap? t? ??te?? e??a?
  ß?ade?a ?a? de? d?e?e??e? t?? ?????s? ??s???????.
  ? µetaß???sµ?? t?? ???eta? st? ?pa?.
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ep?s?? st? ped?? t?? d?at??f??
  sa? ????a?t???, µe ????a?t??? ??a??t?ta 1,7 f????
  µe?a??te?? ap? e?e??? t?? sa??a?????.
• ?µße?t?s???a?a ???µa sa??a?????, ???????? ?a?
  f????t???? p?? pa?a?aµß??eta? µe d??f?????
  t??p??? ap? t? sa??a???? (????? ?d????s?,
  e???µat??? ?d????s? ? ?µße?t?p???s? µe ?s????
  ????e? ?at???a?ta??a?t???? ??t??e?)

24
D-s??ß?t??? D- ?????t???

• ? p???a?????? a?t? ?p???e? se f?s??? ?at?stas?
  sta f???ta ???sµ???? e?d?? Rosaceae, ?d?a?te?a
  st? Sorbus aucuparia L., ?a??? ?a? st? ?a???
  ??p???? f????. ?a?a?aµß??eta? ß??µ??a???? µe
  ?ata??t??? ?d??????s? ?p? p?es? ? µe
  ??e?t????t??? a?a???? t?? D-????????.
• St? ?e?ape?t??? e?µeta??e??µaste t?? ???a????
  d??s? t?? s??ß?t????. ???s?µ?p??e?ta? st?
  s?µpt?µat??? a???? ?at? t?? d?s??????t?ta? ?a?
  t?? d?spe??a?.
• Se ????s?, ???s?µ?p?????ta? d?a??µata 5 ?a? 10,
  ?p?? ta a?t?st???a d?a??µata t?? ???????? st??
  p?????? t?? af?d?t?s??, st? e??d?t?s? ?ta? ?
  ap??e?a ?e??? ?pe?ßa??e? t?? ap??e?a ??????????
  ?at???? ?a? ????? ??e?t????t??, st?? p?????? ?a?
  ?e?ape?a t?? ??t?s?? se pe??pt?se?? ?p?s?t?sµ??,
  se d?a?te? p??s????? ?e?µ?d??, sa? µ?s??
  ??????s?? fa?µ???? p??-, ?a? µet? ap?
  ?e?????????? epeµß?se??. ?? p??f????e?? ?at? t?
  ???s? e??a? ?d?e? µe e?e??e? p?? af????? t?
  ???????.
• ? D-s??ß?t??? sa? ????a?t???? pa?????
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ?? ?p??at?stat? t?? sa??a?????
  st??? d?aß?t????? (µetat??peta? se D-f????t???, ?
  ?p??a pe?a?t??? µetaß????eta? se ?????????).
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? s???? st? fa?µa??te???a sa?
  ???µ?st??? ???as?a? se ???e??, sa? sta?e??p???t??
  se a???f??, sa? p?ast???p???t?? st? ?e?at???, sa?
  ep?ß?ad??t?? t?? ???st????s?? se s???a?a ??p.
• ?f?stata? ??µ?s? p??? a???, ?a? de? p???a?e?
  e????a te??d??a. ???a? p??? e?d????t?, p???
  ????s??p???, de? s?µµet??e? e????a se a?t?d??se??
  Maillard, de? ?f?stata? e????a µ????ß?a??
  d??spas? ?a? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? e????? ep????????
  st?? te???????a t??f?µ?? (?420). ???a? ?d?a?te?a
  e?d?af????sa ??a t?? ??a??t?t? t?? ?a µe???e? ta
  ep?peda e?e???t?ta? t?? ?e???, ??a t? d??s? t??
  ?? p?ast???p???t? t?? ?f?? ?a? ??a t? d??se??
  ?????? ?e?s? t??, p?? e??a? ap?t??esµa a???t????
  e??a?p?a? d?a??t?p???s??

25
D-µa???t???

• ?????e?s?. ? D-µa???t??? ?p???e? se f?s???
  ?at?stas? st? f?t? Fraxinus ornus (?e??a) ?a? se
  s?µa?t??? p?s?t?ta st? ?a??? t?? fa??f?????
  Laminaria.
• B??µ??a???? pa?as?e???eta? µe ep?µe??sµ? t??
  D-???????? se a??a???? pe??ß????? ?a? st?
  s????e?a µe ?ata??t??? ? ??e?t????t??? a?a????.
• ?d??t?te?. ? D-µa???t??? p?a?t??? de?
  µetaß????eta? ?a? ?????e?ta? pa?e?te???? sa?
  ?sµ?t??? d?????t???. ????e?ta? ta???? sto
  spe??aµa ?a? de? ?f?stata? p?a?t??? ?aµµ?a
  epa?a??f?s? sta ?ef???? s???????a.
• ???se??. ? µa???t??? e??a? ???a???? ?a? ?pa?t???
  ?a? p??te??eta?, se ??????s? ap? t? st?µa, ??a t?
  s?µpt?µat??? ?e?ape?a t?? d?spe??a? (ep??ast????
  d??tas?, a??? p???, ?a?t?e?), ?a? ep???????? st??
  a?t?µet?p?s? t?? d?s??????t?ta?. ??t??de???
  ap?f?a?? t?? ????f???? ?d??.
• Se ????s? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?p??t??a d?a??µµata
  µa???t???? st?? a??????e? pe??pt?se?? ????????a
  ?a? a?????a p??sfata e??a??d??µ??? (d????µa 10),
  e??tt?s? e?d???a??a??? p?es?? ??a t??
  a?t?µet?p?s? e??efa????? ??d?µ?t??, a???µ???
  e?d?f???µ?a p?es? (d????µa 20).
• ???a? e????sta ????s??p???, de? p???a?e? e????a
  te??d??a ?a? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? st?? pa?as?e??
  d?af???? ste?e?? fa?µa??te?????? µ??f??. ?p??e?
  ?a ???s?µ?p????e? st?? a????p??? d?at??f? (?421)
  ?a? sa? ????a?t??? ap? d?aß?t?????.

26
Fraxinus ornus L., Oleaceae ?e??a
? µe??a, e?d?? t?? ?es??e???. ?e ???a?? t??
f????? ?at? t? d????e?a ????? ?a? ?est?? ep????
pa?a?aµß??eta? ?????µa, t? µ???a. ?? µ???a
eµfa???eta? sa? ?p???t???a ?a? ??sµa teµ???a
a?a????st?? s??µat?? d????a ? ??f?de?. ?? ?????
s?stat???, ? D-µa???t???, s???de?eta? ap?
D-???????, D-f????t??? ?a? ?????sa??a??te?. ??
ap????aµ??? µ???a ?atat?sseta? sta ?pa?t??? µe
d??s? d?????t???, ?a? ??a t? ???? a?t? ta
f?t??e?ape?t?? s?e??sµata p?? t? pe???????
µp????? ?a f????? t?? ??de??? s?µpt?µat???
?e?ape?a t?? d?s??????t?ta?.

• ? ???µas?a µ???a ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a d??f??a
  sa??a????a e????µata. ?? µ???a t?? ?ß?a???
  e??a? p??a??? ??a? µ????? µe?????? ?e????a?, p???
  e?af???, p?? µetaf??eta? ap? t?? ??eµ? se p???
  µe???? ap?stas? (Lecanora esculenta DC.).

27
meso- ????t???

• ?????e?s? ?a? ?d??t?te?. ? meso- ????t???
  pa?a?aµß??eta? µe ?ata??t??? ?d??????s? ap? t??
  D-??????, ? ?p??a p?????eta? ap? ?d????s? t??
  ???a??? (?e?t???? st??e??? a?aß?s?t?? (corncob),
  ???? s?µ?da?, ?p??e?µµa e?????s?? sa??a?????aµ??,
  ???a??d?a, ?????). ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ap? t? st?µa,
  a??? ?a? e?d?f?eß???, sa? ?p??at?stat? t??
  sa??a????? ?a? µetaß????eta? s?µf??a µe t?? ?????
  t?? pe?t???? µet? ap? af?d??????s? se D-?????????

???se??. ? ????t??? ?p?? ? D-s??ß?t??? ?a? ?
D-???????, µp??e? ?a a?t??atast?se? t? sa??a????
st?? µ??f?p???s? t?? s???p???, ?at? t?? ?p??a
apa?te?ta? ? ???s? p????t???? µ?s??. ???a?
ep?t?ep?µe?? ????a?t???. ?? ?d?? ?s??e? ?a? ??a
???e? p?????e? D-µa???t???, D-s??ß?t???,
µa?t?t??? ?965, isomalt ?953, ?a?t?t???
?966 ?a? p???de?t????. H pa???s?a t?t???? t?p??
????a?t???? se e?d? d?at??f?? e??a? ?p???e?t???
?a a?a???feta? st?? et???ta, st?? ?p??a ep? p????
p??pe? ?a a?af????ta? ta a??????a ?t? t? p?????
de? p??pe? ?a ?????e?ta? se pa?d?? µ????te?a t??
t???? et?? ?t? ? ?pe?ß????? ?µe??s?a ?ata????s?
µp??e? ?a p???a??se? e?af??? ?ast?e?te?????
d?ata?a??? (??????s? µe????? p?s?t?ta? µp??e? ?a
p???a??se? µete???sµ? ?a? d??????a).   ??µ????
?a? ßa?t??????????? d???µas?e?, ?a??? ?a?
???sµ??e? e?e???µe?e? ???????? µe??te? ?d???sa?
saf?? st? d?ap?st?s? ?t? ? ????t??? de? p???a?e?
te??d??a. ??t??eta, ? s?st?µat??? ?ata????s? ?a
µp????se ?a µe??se? t? s????t?ta eµf???s?? t??,
e?? e??a? p?? ap?te?esµat??? ap? t? s??ß?t??? ?a?
???e? ????t??e?. ? meso- ????t??? ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
e????? st? ?a?a??p?ast???. ??t?? t?? ?t? de?
p???a?e? te??d??a, p??sd?de? d??se?? ?e?s?.
28
????GOG? S?????O? ?S??????? ???

• ? ß?taµ??? C e??a? t? L-()-threo-as???ß??? ???.
• ???s???et???, d?µ?????e?ta? -sta f?t?- ape??e?a?
  ap? t? D-???????
• ? ß?taµ??? C pa?eµßa??e? se d??f??e? a?t?d??se??
  ??e?d?a?a????? ?a? e??a? apa?a?t?t? ??a t??
  ?d???????s? t?? p???????, d??ad? ??a t?
  s??µat?sµ? ?a? t? d?at???s? t?? a?e?a??t?ta? t??
  ????a?????
• ? ß?taµ??? C de? µp??e? ?a s??te?e? sta ???ast???
  ?a? ??a t? ???? a?t? ? ?????p?? p??pe? ?a t??
  p??s?aµß??e? µe t?? t??f? t??
• ???stas?a ap? ?a???????
• ??sµe?s? e?e?????? ?????

29
?s???ß??? ???

• ???se??. ? ß?taµ??? C ?????e?ta? se d?s?????a
  ß?taµ???? (p.?. 10-50 mg/?µe??s???)
• 1. st? ?e?ape?a t?? s???ß??t??
• 2. p????pt??? se ?atast?se?? aß?taµ???s??, ?ta? ?
  d?at??f? e??a? a?epa???? ? µ? ?s????p?µ???.
• Se ?????? d?se?? (p.?. 0,5 g/?µe??s???),
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t? ?e?ape?a t?? at???a? se
  ???p?de?? ?atast?se??, ????t?da ? a?????s?.
• ???tat? ???? asfa?e?a? 15 mg/Kg/?µe??s???
  (pe??p?? 1g/?µe??s??? ??a e?????e?). ??
  as???ß??? ??? (?300), ta ??at? t?? (Na, ?301, K,
  ?302) ?a? ?? est??e? t?? µe ??pa?? ???a (?304),
  ep?t??peta? ?a ???s?µ?p?????ta? sa? p??s?eta
  t??f?µ?? (????a, s??t???t???, a?t???e?d?t??? µe
  µ???st? d?s? 300 mg/l).
• ?????e?s?. ?? as???ß??? ??? ß??s?eta? se
  s?µa?t???? p?s?t?te? se d??f??a f???ta ?pp?fa??
  (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae),
  a?t???d?? (Actinidia sinensis, A. deliciosa (A.
  Chev.) Liang A.R. Ferg., A. arguta (Siebold
  Zucc.) Miq., Actinidiaceae), p?pe??? (Capsicum
  annuum L., Solanaceae), Myrciaria cauliflora C.
  Martius O. Berg ?a? ???a e?d? t?? ???????e?a?
  Myrtaceae), acerola Malpigia glabra (punicifolia)
  L., Malpighiaceae) ??a ?a a?afe????? µ??? ta p??
  p???s?a . ?e????eta? ?f???? st?? ?a?p? t??
  a????t??a?taf??????.

30
?G??O???????F?????, Rosa canina L., Rosaceae

• ?? ?e?d??a?p?? t?? a????t??a?taf?????? ?fe?????
  t? ???µa t??? st?? pa???s?a ?a??te??e?d??.
  ?e??????? ta????e?, p??t???, s???a?a ?a?, ?p??
  p????? ???µ? ?a?p?? ap? t?? ???????e?a Rosaceae,
  D- s??ß?t???, ? ß?taµ??? C (p??? ap? 1,7)
  apa?t?ta? µa?? µe µ????? ?a? ??t???? ???.
• St? Ga???a, f?t??e?ape?t??? p?????ta p??
  ßas????ta? st??? ?a?p??? t?? a????t??a?taf??????
  e??a? d??at?? ?a ????????ta? ap? t? st?µa,
  s?µf??a µe t?? a??????e? e?de??e?? pa?ad?s?a??
  ???s? 1. se µ? ???a???? at???a, ?a? 2. ??a t??
  d?e??????s? t?? a???s?? ß?????.
• ???s????d??

• ??????af?a t?? Ge?µa????? ?p?t??p?? ?
• p?????? ?a? ?e?ape?a ???pp??, µ???sµat???? ??s??
  ?a? ???e???? ß?taµ???? C, ??a t? d?e??????s? t??
  p????, ??a a????t?da, sa? d?????t???, sa?
  st?pt??? ?t?).
• ? µ?????af?a a?af??e? ?st?s?, ?t? ?aµ?? ap?
  t?? a??t??? ???se?? de? e??a? a??µ? epa????
  d??a??????µ???.
• ?a??????a ?µ??, de? ?p???e? ?a? ????? ?a µ??
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a t?? e??s??s? t?? a??µat?? se
  ??f?µata/afe??µata (herbal teas) ? st? ß??µ??a??a
  t??f?µ??.

31
?????????S (TAMARIND) Tamarindus indica L.,
Caesalpiniaceae

• ? s???a t?? ??e? ???µa ?af?-e?????p?, ?e?s? ?p?a
  ?a? ?????? ?a? e??a? p???s?a se p??t??? ?a?
  µ???sa??a??te? (20-40). ?e????e? ep?s?? se
  p?s?st? 10-15 ???a???? ???a t??????, µ?????
  ?a? ??t???? ???, e?e??e?a ?a? ?p? µ??f?? a??t??
  (t? µe???? s?stat??? e??a? t? ????? t??????
  ?????). To ???µa s??d?eta? µe t?? pa???s?a
  µ???te?pe????? ?a? a??µat???? s?stat????
  (????aµ???) ?a? p??a?????. ? d????
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? sa? ?a???e?µa st?? ???e?
  pa?a????? ?a? e??a? ?pa?t??? µe d?????t??? d??s?,
  t? ?p??? µp??e? ?a ???????e? µe ??de??? t?
  s?µpt?µat??? a?t?µet?p?s? t?? d?s??????t?ta?.

32
?????????S

• ?? ?????t??e? e??a? p????d?????????a?????a. ?
  ?????e?a?e???? ? ???s?t??? ??e? ?eµe???d?
  ß???????? ???? .
• Se f?s??? ?at?stas? ?f?sta?ta? ??? ap? ta e????
  p??a?? ?s?µe?? t??. ?? f?sf?????? est??e? t??
  myo-???s?t????, ?????? t? f?t??? ???, ap?te????
  t?? p?? ?f???? µ??f? f?sf?????? pa?a????? st?
  f?s?.
• ?? µet? ?at???? ??a? t?? f?t???? ????? (DCI
  f?t??? ???) p???a?e? ?a????s? t?? asßest??? st?
  ??te??, µe t? µ??f? ad????t?? ?a? µ?
  ap????f?s?µ?? f?t???? a??t??.
• ??de??e?? ?pe?asßest?????a, f?e?µ???d?
  asßest?????as?, ??e???? t?? µetaß???sµ?? t??
  asßest???. ?at? t? d????e?a t?? ?e?ape?a? t??
  ?pe?asßest?????a, apa?te?ta? d?at??f? pt??? se
  asß?st?? ?a? s??e??? pa?a???????s? t?? asßest???
  sta ???a. ?a ??ata µe asß?st?? t?? f?t???? ?????
  s??d?????ta? µe d??f??a s?stat??? (p.?.
  ß?taµ??e?, ???a) se fa?µa?e?t??? s?e??sµata p??
  p????????ta? ??a t? s?µpt?µat??? ?e?ape?a t?? µ?
  ???a????? at???a?.