Organic Reactions

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Organic Reactions
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• Combustion

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• Reaction with O2 burning
• Hydrocarbons
• Sufficient O2 leads to complete combustion
• products of complete combustion CO2 H2O
• C3H8(g) 5O2(g) ? 3CO2(g) 4H2O(g)
• Insufficient O2 leads to incomplete combustion
• products of incomplete combustion C, CO, H2O
• C3H8(g) 2O2(g) ? 3C(s) 4H2O(g)

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• Substitution

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• start with saturated hydrocarbon
• replace 1 H atoms with another atom or group
• 2 products

• C2H6 Cl2 ? C2H5Cl HCl
• H?C?C?H Cl?Cl ? H?C?C?H HCl

H H
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• Addition

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• add across double or triple bond
• start with unsaturated hydrocarbon
• produce only 1 saturated product

• H?CC?H Cl?Cl ? H?C?C?H

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• Esterification

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• Organic Acid Alcohol ? Ester Water
• H?C?C?OH HO?C?C?C?H ?

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• Saponification

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• Making Soap
• Fat Base ? Glycerol Soap

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• Fermentation

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• Sugars broken down into alcohol CO2
• (enzyme is needed)
• C6H12O6 ? 2C2H5OH 2CO2

carbon dioxide
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What do the protein in eggs, the plastic in soda
bottles, and the nylon in stockings have in
common?

• They are all made up of giant molecules called
  polymers
• Poly means many
• Mers means parts

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Polymers

• Very large molecules consisting of many repeating
  structural units
• Analogy chain consisting of many links
• Masses can be gt 1,000,000 amu
• Monomer Molecule from which polymer is made
• Starting material

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Natural Polymers

• Wool
• Silk
• Rubber
• Starch
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Synthetic Polymers

• Plastics polyethylene, PVC
• Synthetic Fibers nylon, rayon, polyester
• Rubber Substitutes polyurethane
• Polymerization reaction that produces a polymer

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• Polymerization Reactions

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• Addition Polymerization
• - start with unsaturated monomers
• - everything in reactants goes into polymer
• -only 1 product, saturated

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H
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Polyethylene Varieties

• milk bottles
• detergent bottles
• oil bottles
• toys
• plastic grocery bags
• shrink-wrap films
• sandwich bags
• grocery bags
• bottle caps

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Substituted Ethylenes

• H H
• CC
• H CH3

CH3
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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

• H H
• CC
• H Cl

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Teflon

• F F
• CC
• F F

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• 2. Condensation Polymerization
• monomers containing 2 functional groups combine
• monomer has functional group at each end
• loss of a small by-product, usually H2O

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H H H?O?C?C?OH H H
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Nylon - 1935

• HO?C?C?C?C?C?C?OH

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