Introduction to Organic Chemistry

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Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• CHEM 2124 General Chemistry II
• Alfred State College
• Professor Bensley

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Learning Objectives

• Recognize the characteristic features of organic
  compounds.
• Predict the shape around atoms in organic
  molecules.
• Use shorthand notation to draw organic molecules.
• Recognize the common functional groups and
  understand their importance.

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Learning Objectives

• Distinguish organic compounds from ionic
  inorganic compounds.
• Determine whether or not an organic compound is
  polar or non-polar.
• Determine solubility properties of organic
  compounds.

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I. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds
that contain the element carbon.
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II. Characteristics of Organic Compounds

• All organic compounds contain carbon atoms and
• most contain hydrogen atoms.

• Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to
• other carbon atoms.

• Some compounds have chains of atoms and some
• compounds have rings.

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II. Characteristics of Organic Compounds
4. Organic compounds may also contain elements
other than carbon and hydrogen.
THE RULE OF HONC
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III. Drawing Organic Molecules
A. Condensed Structures

• Some bond lines can be drawn in for effect or to
• show specific bonding.

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III. Drawing Organic Molecules
A. Condensed Structures

• Identical groups can be condensed further

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III. Drawing Organic Molecules
B. Skeletal Structures
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IV. Functional Groups
A. Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Aromatics

B. Compounds Containing a Single Bond to a
Heteroatom
C. Compounds Containing a CO (Carbonyl) group
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V. Properties of Organic Compounds
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V. Properties of Organic Compounds
A. Polarity

• A covalent bond is nonpolar when two atoms of
• identical or similar electronegativity are
  bonded.

• If the individual polar
• bonds (dipoles) cancel
• in a molecule, the
• molecule is nonpolar.

• If the individual bond
• dipoles do not cancel, the
• molecule is polar.

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V. Properties of Organic Compounds
B. Solubility

• The rule of solubility is like dissolves like.

CH3CH2OH ethanol
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane

• small polar molecule
• O atom present
• H2O soluble
• organic solvent soluble

• small nonpolar molecule
• no O or N present
• H2O insoluble
• organic solvent soluble

cholesterol
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VI. Shapes of Organic Molecules
VSEPR theory The most stable arrangement
keeps the groups on a central atom as far away
from each other as possible.
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VI. Shapes of Organic Molecules
To draw a 3-D tetrahedron in 2-D, we use

• a solid line for bonds in the plane

• a wedge for a bond in front of the plane

• a dashed line for a bond behind the plane