Human Trials

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• Human Trials
• Gold standard Controlled, double-blind versus
  greater potential of whole food diet
• Vitamins/minerals/etc. for learning and behavior
  (Controlled, double-blind, successful, but needs
  follow-up with whole diet)
• Mediterranean diet for the prevention of
  cardiovascular diseases (Controlled, but not
  blind uses whole foods with resounding success)

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• Title The Mediterranean-style diet for the
  prevention of cardiovascular diseases
• Author(s) de Lorgeril M, Salen P
• Source PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION 9 (1A) 118-123
  Sp. Iss. SI, FEB 2006
• Abstract Objectives To discuss present
  knowledge about Mediterranean diet and
  cardiovascular diseases.
• Design Review of existing literature.
• Setting and Results Epidemiological studies as
  well as randomised dietary trials suggest that
  Mediterranean diet may be important in relation
  to the pathogenesis (and prevention) of CHD. For
  instance, a striking protective effect of an
  ALA-rich Mediterranean diet was reported in the
  Lyon Diet Heart Study with a 50 to 70 reduction
  of the risk of recurrence after 4 years of
  follow-up in CHD patients. According to our
  current knowledge, dietary ALA should represent
  about 0.6 to 1 of total daily energy or about 2
  g per day in patients following a Mediterranean
  diet, whereas the average intake in linoleic acid
  should not exceed 7 g per day. Supplementation
  with very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (about 1
  g per day) in patients following a Mediterranean
  type of diet was shown to decrease the risk of
  cardiac death by 30 and of sudden cardiac death
  by 45 in the GISSI trial.
• Conclusions In the context of a diet rich in
  oleic acid, poor in saturated fats and low in
  omega-6 fatty acids (a dietary pattern
  characterising the traditional Mediterranean
  diet), even small doses of omega-3 fatty acids
  (about 1 g EPADHA the form of fish oil capsules
  or 2 g alpha-linolenic acid in canola oil and
  margarine) might be very protective. These data
  underline the importance of the accompanying diet
  in any dietary strategy using fatty acid
  complements.
• Addresses de Lorgeril M (reprint author), Univ
  Grenoble 1, NVMCV, Grenoble, France
• Univ Grenoble 1, NVMCV, Grenoble, France E-mail
  Address michel.delorgeril_at_ujf-grenoble.fr

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• Diet
• Behavior
• Learning
• Mental Health

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• Title The effect of vitamin-mineral
  supplementation on juvenile delinquency among
  American schoolchildren A randomized, double
  blind placebo-controlled trial
• Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID
• JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
  6 (1) 7-17 FEB 2000
• Abstract
• Objectives To determine if schoolchildren, aged
  6 to 12 years, who are given low dose
  vitamin-mineral tablets will produce
  significantly less violence and antisocial
  behavior in school than classmates who are given
  placebos.
• Design A stratified randomized, double-blind,
  placebo-controlled trial with pretest and
  posttest measures of antisocial behavior on
  school property. Settings and Subjects Two
  "working class," primarily Hispanic elementary
  schools in Phoenix, Arizona. Approximately half
  of the potential schoolchildren participated,
  i.e., 468 students aged 6 to 12 years.
• Intervention Daily vitamin-mineral
  supplementation at 50 of the U.S. recommended
  daily allowance (RDA) for 4 months versus
  placebo. The supplement was designed to raise
  vitamin-mineral intake up to the levels currently
  recommended by the National Academy of Sciences
  for children aged 6 to 11 years.
• Results Of the 468 students randomly assigned to
  active or placebo tablets, the 80 who were
  disciplined at least once between September 1st
  and May 1st served as the research sample. During
  intervention, the 40 children who received active
  tablets were disciplined, on average, 1 time
  each, a 47 lower mean rate of antisocial
  behavior than the 1.875 times each for the 40
  children who received placebos (95 confidence
  interval, 29 to 65, lt5.020). The children who
  took active tablets produced lower rates of
  antisocial behavior in 8 types of recorded
  infractions threats/fighting, vandalism, being
  disrespectful, disorderly conduct, defiance,
  obscenities, refusal to work or serve,
  endangering others, and non-specified offenses.

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• The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on
  the intelligence of American schoolchildren A
  randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial
• Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID, Young K, Nichols D,
  Jansenns S
• JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
  6 (1) 19-29 FEB 2000
• Design A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  using stratified randomization within each
  teacher's class based on pre-intervention
  nonverbal intelligence.
• Settings and Subjects Two "working class,"
  primarily Hispanic, elementary schools in
  Phoenix, Arizona, participated in the study.
  Slightly more than half the teachers in each
  school distributed the tablets daily to 245
  schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years.
• Intervention Daily vitamin-mineral
  supplementation at 50 of the U.S. daily
  recommended allowance (RDA) for 3 months versus
  placebo.
• Outcome Measures Post-test nonverbal IQ, as
  measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
  Children-Revised (WISC-R), while controlling for
  pretest nonverbal IQ as a covariate.
• Four Main Results First, a significant
  difference of 2.5 IQ points (95 CI 1.85-3.15)
  was found between 125 children given active
  tablets and 120 children given placebo tablets (p
  0.038). Second, this finding is consistent with
  the mean 3.2 IQ point net gain found in the 12
  similar but less rigorous studies. Third, a
  significantly higher proportion of children in
  the active group gained 15 or more IQ points when
  compared to the placebo group (p lt 0.01). Fourth,
  although 81 matched pairs produced no difference
  at all in nonverbal IQ gain, the modest 2.5 IQ
  point net gain for the entire sample can be
  explained by the remaining 24 children who took
  active tablets, and had a 16 point higher net
  gain in IQ than the remaining 19 placebo
  controls.
• Conclusions This study confirms that
  vitamin-mineral supplementation modestly raised
  the nonverbal intelligence of some groups of
  Western schoolchildren by 2 to 3 points but not
  that of most Western schoolchildren, presumably
  because the majority were already adequately
  nourished. This study also confirms that
  vitamin-mineral supplementation markedly raises
  the nonverbal intelligence of a minority of
  Western schoolchildren, presumably because they
  were too poorly nourished before supplementation
  for optimal brain function.

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• Diet
• Learning
• Behavior
• Mental Health

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ADHD Depression Autistic spectrum Schizophrenia
Sunlight / Morning light
EFAs (n-3 etc.) (some )
Vitamins E EFAs folate, E, B12 B6 C, K
Protein-rich
Minerals zinc, magnesium-B6 zinc magnesium
Plant phenolics pine bark extract
Pollutants
Stress
Infections ()
Wheat ? ? ()
Lactose/HFCS ? ? ()
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Recommendations

• Use olive and canola oils as major oils add some
  fish / fish oil supplements (look for high EPA
  and DHA content listed rather than just total
  omega-3)
• Increase diversity of grains (rye, oats, barley,
  wild rice all have more favorable ratio of
  n-6n-3 than wheat and corn) or skip wheat
  altogether? Go for whole grains. (Gluten-free
  rice, corn, potatoes, oats, millet, tapioca)
• For protein, go for poultry, fish, and wild game
  as well as all kinds of beans
• Diet soda or less refined alternatives
• Copious helpings of fruits and vegetables at each
  meal
• Add plenty of herbs and spices
• Organic choices for e.g. strawberries, spinach,
  grapes
• Get 20 min per day (or more depending on skin
  type) of sunlight
• Clear your schedule and practice aggressive
  stress reduction get plenty of sleep (early to
  bed and early to rise)