FEM4105 PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY AND HUMAN DYNAMICS

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FEM4105PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY AND HUMAN
DYNAMICS

• GENDER IDENTITY

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Gender Identity

• gender identity can be defined as the sameness,
  unity, and persistence of ones individuality as
  male, female, or ambivalent (Money Ehrhardt
  (1972))
• relative degree to which an individual patterns
  himself or herself after members of the same sex.
  It is associated with the degree in which an
  individual takes on the behaviors, personality
  patterns, and attitudes that are commonly
  associated with male or female sex roles (Backer
  (2003))

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• an individuals self-conception as being male or
  female, as distinguished from actual biological
  sex.
• link to a persons sense of self and the sense
  of being male or female (Ontario's Human Rights
  Code)
• our own perception and our own determination
  about our gender either male or female. It is can
  be difference from our real biological sex.

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Theory of Gender Identity

• Psychoanalytic theory
• -through the identification from the parent same
  sex.
• - as a result of Electra or Oedipus conflicts
  during childhood
• Social-Cognitive theory
• - develop through learning process
• - learning from parent or others
• - behaviors reinforce with reinforcement

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• Cognitive Theory
• a) cognitive-development theory
• - contends that because children consistently
  hear themselves called boy or girl, they
  begin to conceive of themselves as being of one
  sex or the other. Ultimately, from such
  interactions, children develop a conception of
  attitudes toward and behavioral expectations
  concerning that gender.
• b) gender-schema theory
• - concerns the development of an internal
  schema, or mental framework, which organizes and
  directs the behavior of an individual as a male
  or female. For example, the gender schema of
  being female might include the proposition I am
  a girl, so I play with dolls, not trucks.

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• iv) Gender-Schema theory
• - Gender schema theory refers to the theory that
  children learn about what it means to be male and
  female from the culture in which they live.
  According to this theory, children adjust their
  behavior to fit in with the gender norms and
  expectations of their culture.
• - asserts that ones childhood development is
  influenced heavily by concepts about what
  maleness or femaleness means in a particular
  society.
• - schema is a cognitive structures, a network
  of associations that organizes and guides an
  individuals perceptions.

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• Biological theory
• i) chromosomes
• - XX Women
• - XY Men
• ii) hormones
• - men testosterone
• - women estrogen and progesterone
• Social Role Theory
• Eaglys Social Role Theory of sex differences in
  social behavior
• Social Role Theory- suggests that almost all
  behavioral differences we know about between
  males and females is the result of cultural
  stereotypes about gender (how males and females
  are supposed to act) and the resulting social
  roles that are taught to young people.

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Gender differentiation

• Men and women was born with many different
  characteristics. There can be view from various
  aspects of life
• 1) Physical aspects
• men are generally taller than women, have more
  muscles body, though , have facial hair such as
  moustache and beard while women are generally
  shorter than male and dont have any facial hair.

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• Emotional aspects
• women are tend to be more emotional than men in
  something happen and easily sad and cry.
• sensitivity
• women is more sensitive to the threat than men.
  Due to different hormone production in both
  gender.
• Jealousy
• Women are more prone to react negatively when
  they or their children are deprived of emotional
  support this will trigger jealousy. Men, on the
  other hand, will become angry if they suspect
  their wives of sexual infidelity.

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• Thinking
• Women tend to be intuitive global thinkers.
   Women are prone to become overwhelmed with
  complexities that "exist", or may exist, and may
  have difficulty separating their personal
  experience from problems than men.
• Memory
• Women have an enhanced ability to recall
  memories that have strong emotional components
  while men tend to recall events using strategies
  that rely on reconstructing the experience in
  terms of elements, tasks or activities that took
  place. 

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• Processing information
• -men is left-brain-side oriented while women is
  right-brain-side.
• left-brain sided oriented is person can be
  described as literal, logical, linear and
  linguistic.
• -The right brain "makes sense" of the qualities
  of voice such as tone, pitch, volume. It also
  "makes sense" of facial expressions, gestures,
  body language and feeling. In a sense, right
  brain is an emotional radar.

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Gender Role

• the behaviors and attitudes expected of male and
  female members of a society by that society.
• Different culture has different expectations to
  the men and women.
• - Islamic perspectives, - Western perspectives
• - Indian perspectives - African perspectives
• Tasks that must be fulfill according to their
  gender.
• women childbearing, do chores, take care of
  children, husbands, and family and manages
  households.
• Men go work, find welfare for family, and able
  to protects family

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• Gender role create gender stereotypes in society.
• If the men or women doesnt fulfill the expected
  role of their gender this will be lead to
  discriminations.
• eg women must be a perfect women
• Feminity
• Beauty
• Respectful
• men must be a perfect men
• Strong
• Masculine
• independent

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Gender stereotype

• a shared set of beliefs about purported qualities
  of    females and males.
• typical traits perceived as inherent in men and
  womenthey are culturally influenced, and bear
  little resemblance to real people.
• Develop since childhood
• Traditionally 1) female stereotypic role
• 2) Male stereotypic role

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Androgyny and human relationship

• There are two definitions for androgyny physical 
  (intersexual) - born with both male and female
  genitals and psychological - combining both
  masculinity and femininity as traits of a unified
  gender that defies social roles and psychological
  attributes.
• the blending of feminine and masculine attributes
  in the same individual.
• The androgyny, or androgynous person, does not
  neatly fit into a female or male gender role she
  or he can comfortably express the qualities of
  both genders.
• Parents and other socializing agents can teach
  their children to be androgynous, just as they
  can teach them to be gender-biased.

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• Dr. Sandra Bem
• - 'psychological androgyny'
• - describe those men and women who did not fit
  into traditionally defined gender roles.
• nowadays situations
• 1) fashion-industry
• 2) beauty-industry
• 3) work-industry
• In the relationship with human, androgynous
  people are more tendency to pansexuality or
  asexuality

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• Gender, Gender Identity, Ethnicity, and
  stereotyping of childrens chores The Israeli
  Case
• Liat kulik
• Bar Ilan University
• Journal of cross-cultural psychology 2006, 37
  408

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Journal summary

• Instruments that used is stereotyping of
  childrens chore, Bem Sex Role Inventory and
  self-evaluation of masculinity and feminity.
• The purpose of this study was to examine the
  stereotyping of childrens chores in Israeli
  society and the way those stereotypes are
  affected by gender identity, gender and
  ethnicity.
• There are three hypotheses that are formulated

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• There are three hypotheses that are formulated
• Individuals with sex-typed gender identities will
  maintain more stereotyped perceptions of
  childrens chores than will those with
  androgynuos and undifferentiated gender
  identities.
• Women will have less stereotyped perceptions than
  men
• Asian African origin will maintain more
  stereotyped perceptions than European American

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• RESULTS
• Result in this journal shows that
  undifferentiated participants shows that the most
  stereotyped that feminine attitude towards
  domestic chores.
• Undifferentiated and cross-typed participants
  expressed more stereotypes views of outside
  chores.
• Women expressed less stereotyped view than men in
  childrens chores.
• Participants country of birth did not affect
  their perceptions of childrens scores while the
  country of birth of the participants mothers.

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Conclusion

• Gender identity is our own perception toward
  femininity or masculinity which is develop during
  childhood and are determine to various factors
  which are discussed in theory.
• There are 6 theories are be discussed on gender
  identity.
• Each gender have difference characteristics which
  is need to be understand in order to live
  harmoniously in marriage live.

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• Gender role that are perceived by different
  culture actually is the lead to the gender
  stereotypes.
• This stereotypes will lead to gender
  discriminations.
• Nowadays, there are evolutionary gender identity
  which cannot only include traditionally oriented
  gender but its include many others
  non-conformity genders group such as LGBT gender
  and homosexuality groups.