NORWAY

1
NORWAY
2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION IN NORWAY
9
(No Transcript)
10
MOVEMENT INTO THE PASTORAL/HORTICULTURAL ERA
11
THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD(4000-1800 BCE)

• First farming started around 4000 BCE, roughly
  5,000 years after it first developed in the
  Middle East.
• The first farmers scorched off the forest, sowed
  corn in the ashes and harvested it until the soil
  was completely exhausted. Then they moved on to
  new settlements.
• Initially, animal farming was more important than
  crop growing.
• Sealing, hunting, and fishing continued to be
  more important than farming.

12
THE AGRICULTURAL ERAIN NORWAY
13
Rock carvings, appearing in the Bronze Age
(1800-500 BCE), promoted fertility in the
fields and in animals and human beings.
14
IRON AGE (500 BCE 800 CE)

• Gradually, as population grew, so did the need
  for common rules Iron production was
  sufficiently labor intensive to require a
  supervisory authority.
• Chieftains functioned as priests during the
  feasts for gods like Njord and Froya. Farmers
  would hand over produce as sacrifices to the
  chieftains.

15
IRON AGE (500 BCE 800 CE)

• A Warrior class enabled a chieftain to increase
  his power over his tribe as well as subjugate
  other tribes.
• Requiring greater defense, simple fortifications
  were built (inc. hill forts) where people could
  seek refuge in times of turmoil.
• Luxury goods came from opulent trading centers
  along the North Sea.

16
PAGAN RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

• Sacrifices and various rituals were carried out
  in special groves, in the fields, on burial
  mounds or stone altars, and in houses containing
  idols.
• Large feasts were held several times a year in
  honor of the gods. Leading men and women from
  the chieftain clan would act as sacrificial
  priests.

17
THE VIKING AGE(800-1030 CE)
18
CHRISTIANITY COMES TO NORWAY
19
(No Transcript)
20
RELIGIOUS TRANSFORMATION

• Yuletide celebrations continued but were now
  celebrated in the names of Jesus and Mary
• Mass replaced sacrifice
• Though people understood little of what went on,
  they became part of a new brotherhood focused on
  a sermon in Latin, beautiful pictures, and
  strange fragrances

21

• Right from the start, the king was the head of
  the church since the church needed the king for
  Christianity to take hold properly.
• The King derived great benefit from the
  organization of the church since the King
  derived his power directly from God.
• During the Viking period, farmers owned their own
  land. 300 years later, the majority of farmers
  had become tenants of the king. Together, the
  church and aristocracy owned 70 of the land.

22
CHURCH WEALTH

• The farmer could continue to work his land but
  now only as a tenant.
• At the same time, it was common for ordinary
  farmers as well as kings and noblemen to give
  land to the church so that priests would pay for
  their souls. Such gifts helped to make the
  church Norways largest landholder.

23
CHURCH AND KING

• The king did not decide everything alone. To
  give his pronouncements greater force, he
  consulted noblemen and bishops.
• From the 1280s, these good men functioned as a
  Privy Council, for which the bishops, who knew
  Latin and were schooled in theology and law, were
  obvious candidates.

24
Together with the kings local and central
administration, the churchs all-pervasive power
held the state of Norway together.
25

• Painting by 20th-century artist Theodor Kittelsen
• Superstition had it that plague traveled the
  country in the shape of an old hag (Pesta). If
  she carried a broom, everyone in the community
  would die a rake, a few would be spared.

26
But the church did better Though its revenues
also fell, it was still the countrys biggest
landowner. In the Late Middle Ages, peoples
fear of death was greater than ever, so locals
gave the church land for the good of their souls.
The Archbishop of Nidaros became Norways most
powerful man.
27
(No Transcript)
28
PEASANT SOCIETY

• Between 1500 and 1800, the population of Norway
  increased from about 150,000 to 900,000 nine out
  of ten people were still tied to the land.
• As late as the 18th century, nearly a quarter of
  all infants died within a year of birth.
• With no health service to cure or prevent
  disease, people were easy prey to epidemics and
  starvation.

29
Nonetheless, in the absence of plagues, numbers
rose in the 18th century and population
pressures began to be felt.
30
THE INDUSTRIAL ERACOMES TO NORWAY
31

• This textile factory
• was founded in 1849.
• The majority of
• workers were women.
• The initial Industrial
• Revolution was actually
• manned by women.

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34

• Between 1850 and 1900, Norwegian fish exports
  increased manyfold, initially with considerable
  conflict. Small boats and steam trawlers clashed
  as the former feared that the purse nets might
  take their livelihoods away.

35
(No Transcript)
36
WORLD WIDE CAPITAL FLOW

• This new industry required capital. A large
  amount came from abroad, esp. Great Britain.
  Foreigners wanted to invest because Norway had
  natural resources and cheap labor.
• By 1900, industry accounted for 28 of GNP, and
  over a quarter of all workers were employed in
  it.
• People from the rural areas streamed into the
  cities to find work. 1870 20 lived in towns
  1900 well over 30.

37
UPHEAVAL IN AGRICULTURE

• New tools made farming more efficient
• The need for small landholders and farm workers
  declined
• Thousands therefore moved to the cities or
  immigrated to America
• Emigration and exodus robbed the countryside of
  labor
• So, many farmers began to start rotating crops,
  applying artificial fertilizers and using
  new-fangled machines

38
(No Transcript)
39
UPHEAVAL IN INDUSTRY

• Remember, folks could no longer rely on their own
  food production they now relied on the formal
  economy to meet their needs.
• Like folks everywhere, Norway faced falling
  prices and market problems from 1918 to 1920.
  Prices and monetary value fluctuated.
• Workers used strikes as weapons employers
  responded with lock-outs.

40
A SCHISM

• The radicalization of the workers movement must
  be seen in the light of greatly worsened
  conditions for the great majority of people.
• In 1917, prices shot up while shortages, black
  market trading and speculation became everyday
  occurrences.
• Newly rich stockbrokers wallowed in luxury while
  many fought for their daily bread.

41
(No Transcript)
42
WELFARE AND STABILITY

• After the war, there was widespread agreement
  that the class warfare and want of inter-war
  years must not return.
• The new Welfare State benefited societys
  losers everyone had the right to support if
  they found themselves in a situation of
  insecurity or poverty.

43
THE SAFETY NET

• Child Allowance provided everyone under 15 with
  permanent monthly financial assistance
• Compulsory Health Insurance
• Social Services Departments did not aid just the
  needy but insured that people could help
  themselves

44
ON TO THE POST-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN NORWAY
45
OPPOSITION TO EU

• Many conservationists had great antipathy toward
  the EUs principle of growth which violates the
  principles of a Sustainable Environment.
• EU principles that dictated free movement of
  goods, services, capital, and labor across
  borders terrified some Especially, German
  businesses were likely to dominate.
• To date, Norway has not joined the EU.

46
(No Transcript)
47
BLACK GOLD

• In 1970, Phillips Petroleum established one of
  the most economically viable oil fields in the
• world actually amongst the worlds ten
  largest

48
ECONOMIC FREEDOM

• Oil reserves gave Norway wonderful freedom of
  action in matters of national economy.
• It used its greatest percentage of GNP on public
  expenditure so had the highest proportion of its
  workforce employed in the public sector, esp. in
  health, education, and social services.

49
IMMIGRATION WOES

• The high economic growth of the 1960s led to a
  shortage of labor, and for the first time in many
  years Norway had an immigration surplus.
• The increasing stream of unskilled labor from
  poor countries (southeastern Europe, Asia, and
  Africa) forced authorities to impose stricter
  immigration controls in 1975.

50
IMMIGRANT WOES

• Immigrants from the Least Industrialized Nations
  had trouble finding work and suffered
  unemployment more frequently than Norwegians. As
  a rule, they had to accept low-status jobs in
  industry and the service sector even though many
  had higher education.
• In 2002, there were about 317,000 people with
  immigrant backgrounds in Norway, representing
  6.9 of pop.

51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe History of Norwayfrom the
Ice Age to TodayOivind Stenersen and Ivar
Libaek2003