Welcome to Arkansas History

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• Welcome to Arkansas History
• Chapter 02- The First People

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• Bell Work
• Agenda The First People
• Homework read pages 32 -43 and complete the
  reading guide
• Objective Students will examine the earliest
  inhabitants of Arkansas.
• Put your agenda in the agenda book.
• Format your Bell Work and be ready to take notes.
• Make sure you have an Arkansas History book on
  your desk.
• Be ready to learn.

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• Keywords
• Archaeology
• Nomads
• Adz
• Extinction
• Atlatl
• Ritual
• animism

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• Time Line
• 9,500 B.C 1541 A.D.
• Archaeology
• Study of ancient people and societies
• Artifacts man made items left from ancient
  societies.
• No written records

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• Land Bridge
• It is believed that the earliest inhabitants of
  the Americas crossed on a land bridge from Asia.

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• Paleo Period (9,500 8,000 B.C.)
• Paleo means ancient or very old
• Paleo people had a language
• Made clothes
• Made baskets
• Made tools and spear points

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• Clovis Points
• Unique Paleo Period spear points made from flint.
• Named after Clovis New Mexico, were the first
  points were discovered.
• Found in various places in the Americas

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• Paleo People
• Nomads people who wandered from place to place.
• Hunted large animals
• Mammoth
• Mastodons, etc
• Traveled in small family groups
• Migrated into the Arkansas area around 9,500 B.C.

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• The Dalton Culture
• Emerged toward the end of the Paleo Period.
• More advanced
• The Dalton Point distinctive spear point
• The adz chisel like stone tool
• Warming weather and changing landscape
• Large animals began to die out
• Trees began to replace prairies

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• The Sloan Site
• Found near Crowleys Ridge
• Many Dalton artifacts
• Spear points, knife blades, adz, scrapers
• Paleo Cemetery
• Oldest documented cemetery in the United States.

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• Archaic Period (8,000 500 B.C.)
• Ancient prairies change to forest
• Temperatures rise
• Melting ice from the ice age create new rivers
  that form the various features of Arkansas.
• Smaller game animals begin to replace larger
  animals (deer, elk, squirrels, rabbits, etc)

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• Archaic Indians
• Many ice age animals go extinct.
• Hunt smaller game animals
• Gathering nuts and berries
• (hunter-gatherers)
• Traveled shorter distances
• Used a base camp.
• Maximum forest efficiency wasting little of
  plant and animals

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• Archaic Indians
• Traded with other people.
• Began to grow sunflower seeds, squash, barely.
• Dug pits for storing food.
• Fished rivers and streams
• Fish hooks made from bone with small stones used
  as weights

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• Poverty Point Culture
• Northeast Louisiana
• Advanced Archaic culture
• Built first town
• Earthwork (they moved dirt)
• Traded with other people

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• Important New Tools
• Handmade tools
• Butchering
• Making jewelry
• Stones for grinding food
• Anvils
• Axe heads and celts (ungrooved ax)

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• Bell Work
• Agenda The First People
• Homework read pages 44-51 and complete the
  reading guide
• Objective Students will examine the earliest
  inhabitants of Arkansas.
• What is a mastodon?
• How did Clovis points get their name?
• Word of the Day
• benevolent - (adjective) wishing or doing good.

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• Atlatl
• A tool used to throw a spear farther and faster

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• Making Dugout Canoes
• Long process using fire to create a canoe

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• Cooking with Hot Rocks

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• The Woodland Period (500 B.C. 900 A.D.)
• Lived in villages
• Earthen mounds (mound builders)
• Increased agriculture (barely, corn, squash)
• Hunters traveled less often and less distance
• Traded with other people
• Making and firing clay vessels
• Rock art
• Rituals important ceremonies

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• The Bow and Arrow became an Important War Tool
  (also used for hunting)

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• Building Mounds
• Influenced by the Hopewell Indians to the north.
• Ritual Burial Mounds
• (the Hopewell traveled and traded over a large
  area, their artifacts have been found far away
  from their home area.)

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• The Plum Bayou Culture
• Mound builders who lived in Arkansas near the end
  of the Woodland Period.
• Built 18 mounds (only 2 survive today) near
  Scott, Arkansas
• 50 feet high
• Traded with people as far away as Florida
• Stargazers or astronomers
• (mounds originally thought to be Aztec)

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• The Mississippian Period ( 900 1541 A.D.)
• Strong thriving communities
• Agriculture and trade
• Underground storage of food
• Used stone axes and hoes to clear fields (also
  used fire)
• Strong leaders or chiefs
• Large villages
• Parkin Culture believe to be larges Indian
  village

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• The Mississippian Period ( 900 1541 A.D.)
• Europeans arrive
• Casqui large village in Delta (Parkin site)
• Hernando de Soto may have visited the site
• Mississippian culture disappears after the
  arrival of Europeans
• Disease possible cause
• Making Salt Indians in southwest Arkansas
  boiled salty water to remove salt, used in food
  and traded with other people.

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• Arkansas Historic Indians (1673-Present)
• European visitors found distinct Indian nations.
• Unique culture
• Own language
• Government
• Many records kept by explorers

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• The Caddos
• First discovered by the Spanish when they entered
  southwest Arkansas
• Originated during the Mississippian Period
• Excellent farmers
• Grew corn, beans, squashes, watermelons,
  pumpkins, tobacco, and sunflowers.
• Hunting and Fishing
• small game like rabbits and fished
• Gathered
• Nuts, roots, seeds, and berries

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• The Caddos
• Bow and arrow
• Made from Osage orange or boisd arc trees
• Used for hunting or traded with other people
• Animal skins, furs, bear oil, and salt.
• Friendly people who traded with others
• Beautiful pottery used to store food or in
  rituals.
• Bowls, bottles, jars, platters, or effigy pots
• Effigy pots were sometimes shaped like human
  heads.

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• The Caddos
• Communities were led by a chief
• Approved marriages
• Conducted ceremonies
• Welcomed visitors
• Worked with other leaders to make important
  decisions
• Spiritual leaders or priest
• Conducted religious ceremonies and rituals in
  sacred buildings or on temple mounds

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• The Caddos
• Society organized around family units called
  farmsteads.
• Many different buildings for living, working, and
  storage.
• Men and women were painted or tattooed,
  especially women
• Men wore a breechcloth and women wore deerskin
  skirts.
• Typically small people (men about 56 and women
  5 or less.
• Disease and warfare drove the Caddo out of
  Arkansas and into what would be Indian Territory
  in Oklahoma. Today they their tribal center is
  in Binger, Oklahoma.

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• Bell Work
• Agenda The First People
• Homework none
• Objective Students will examine the earliest
  inhabitants of Arkansas.
• How many major Indian tribes lived in Arkansas?
• ________ replace hunting as a major source of
  food over time.
• Word of the Day
• persevere - (verb) to continue despite
  difficulties.

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• The Quapaws
• Lived in the Delta Region
• Likely descendants of the Mississippian Indians.
  (maybe descendants of Indians from Ohio who
  traveled down the Mississippi River.
• Quapaw means downstream people.
• Some tribes and explorers called them Arkansas
• Handsome, friendly, and Peaceful people.
• Tall, large, well made people

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• The Quapaws
• Lived in villages, centered around a main plaza.
• Long Houses were home to several families
• Excellent farmers like the Caddo
• Planted fruit trees imported by the Europeans.
• Trades with French and Spanish
• Made beautiful pottery

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• The Quapaws
• Women took care of the children.
• Women prepared food.
• Women grew crops.
• Men were good at making dugout canoes.
• Men served as religious and political leaders.
• Men also hunted, fished, and went to war.

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• The Quapaws
• Visited the Arkansas Post established by the
  Europeans.
• Some Quapaw lived at the post.
• Forced out and into Indian Territory in the
  1830s.
• Tribal Center located near Binger, Oklahoma.

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• Legend of the Arkansas Name
• Page 46 in textbook

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• The Osages
• Primarily lived Missouri near the Missouri and
  Osage River.
• Hunted and traded in Northwest Arkansas
• Osage hunger were highly skilled
• Each person had an important role during the
  yearly hunts.
• Women skinned the animals, cleaned and dried the
  meat.
• Raised and stored crops for the winter months.

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• The Osages
• Fought with Caddo and Quapaw over hunting
  territory.
• Strength and skills made the good warriors
• Osage means the neutral, but they called
  themselves Children of the Middle Waters.
• Each person belonged to one of two clans, The
  Earth People or The Sky People.
• Held village councils (elected representatives)
• Little Old Men

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• The Osages
• Forced out in the early 1800s and settled in
  southeastern Kansas.
• Today, many of the Osage live near Pawhuska,
  Oklahoma.

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• The Tunicas and Koroas
• Encountered de Soto when he traveled down the
  Mississippi River in the 1500s.
• Lived in large areas on both sides of the river.
• Historians believe de Soto visited Quizquiz
  (keys-key) in northwestern Mississippi.
• Unlike other tribes, the men took care of the
  crops.
• Men also hunted and gathered.
• Traded with other tribes

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• The Tunicas and Koroas
• Men and women were tattooed
• Villages surrounded a main plaza
• Circular houses with grass-thatched dome roof.
• Decorated with plates of shining copper.
• Most disappeared by 1700s, likely from disease.
• Survivors joined other tribes or move south.
• Some Tunica moved south and joined the Biloxi
  Indians near Marksveille, Louisiana. Their
  descendants live there today.

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• Ways of Life
• Many Native American people share common beliefs.
• Animism belief that everything has a spirit,
  including, plants, animals, people, lightning,
  etc
• Great Spirit and other gods.
• Creation Stories
• First humans came out of the underworld
• The place of crying place were life came out
  of the underworld, closed after the wolf came out
  leaving other creatures in the underworld.

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• Ways of Life
• Many believed that when they died, they went back
  to the underworld.
• Priest or religious leaders would perform
  ceremonies to seek favor with the gods, hoping
  for rain or what ever was needed.

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• Chiefdoms
• Native societies adopted the practice of
  chiefdoms.
• Power was shared by a group of leaders
• One leader may have been charge of war and
  hunting while another may have been in charge of
  spiritual matters.
• Leaders had lengthy discussions to make major
  decisions

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• Women
• Had a great deal of power and influence
• Did most of the work
• Native American societies were matriarchal
  systems.
• Property inherited through the female line rather
  then the father.
• Women owned the houses.
• Could divorce their husbands and always kept the
  kids.
• All they had to do was place the mans belongings
  outside their home.

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• Arkansass Cherokee Immigrants
• Forced into Arkansas near the end of 1770s.
• Settled in eastern part of state, then moved into
  the Arkansas River Valley.
• Adopted many European ways because of their early
  interaction with colonist in the east.
• Farmers
• Raised cattle
• Established schools
• Built homes

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• Arkansass Cherokee Immigrants
• Worked and dressed like other settlers but still
  tried to hang onto Native American culture.
• Green Corn Ceremony
• Celebrated first corn crops in June and July

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• Preserving Their Way of Life
• Today Arkansas is home to many Native Americans.
• They work hard to preserve heritage.
• They work hard to protect Native American sites
  (mounds and burial grounds).
• Native Americans in Arkansas come form many
  tribes, including those discussed in this unit,
  along with others.

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• End of slide show.