Migration

1
Migration
2
Concepts

• The long term movement of people from one area to
  another
• Movement out of an area is called emigration
• movement inward is referred to as immigration

3
Concepts

• Host Country receiving country.
• Donor Countrysource country.
• migration balance is the difference between the
  number of emigrants and the number of immigrants

4
Concepts

• Net migration the difference between the number
  of immigrants and emigrants in a country
• Push factor things that make people leave an
  area
• Pull factor things that attract people to an
  area
• Barriers to migration anything that makes
  migration difficult or impossible

5
Concept

• Refugee someone who leaves their country due to
  a well founded fear of persecution based on
  religion, politics etc. have been given refugee
  status in a host country
• Asylum seeker a person who applies for refugee
  status in a country to which they moved
• Internally displaced person someone who is
  forced to move within their own country due to
  persecution, conflict or internal disaster

6
Types of migration

• Forced Migration.
• Unemployment e.g. Ireland to England and USA
  1930s to 1980s and current times
• Natural disasters e.g. famines, floods etc.
• War e.g. troubles in the Middle east
• Religious persecution e.g. Pilgrim fathers to
  America.
• Political persecution e.g. apartheid in the old
  South Africa.

7
Types of migration

• Voluntary Migration.
• Job prospects e.g. West of Ireland to the Dublin
  Region
• Travel Adventure e.g. Young Irish people going
  to Australia etc
• Religious freedom e.g. Nigerian Christians in
  Ireland
• Higher Living Standards e.g. better facilities in
  Cities
• Climate e.g. Irish people on retiring moving to
  Spain etc

8
Types of migration

• Intra-national West of Ireland to Dublin.
• Urban depopulation Inner city to suburbs.
• Regional Connemara to Galway City.
• Returning migrants Philippino nurses going home
  after 2 years.
• Seasonal Students to USA on J1 visas tourists

9
Effects of migration

• Positive effects of Emigration on Donor country.
• Safety valve reducing overpopulation reduces
  pressure on natural resources (Ireland 1980s)
• Governments save on social welfare payments.
• Remittances second largest source of income in
  some countries Mexico in 2006 worth 19b euro
• Tourism

10
Effects of migration

• Negative effects of Emigration on Donor country.
• Loss of young educated workforce i.e. brain drain
  e.g. Poland.
• Slows economic develpment, education investment
  reduced, loss of tax and spending
• Smaller home market.
• Rural depopulation an ageing population left
  behind resulting in fewer services.
• Abandoned farms and farmhouses, farming practices
  stagnate, services close

11
Effects of migration

• Positive effects of Immigration on Host country.
• Skills enrichment labour shortages
• Young educated workforce at no cost.
• Renewed inward investment
• Multi racial society
• Greater diversity, tolerance understanding
• Economic contribution to government budget

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Effects of migration

• Negative effects of Immigration on host country
• Language Barrier
• Discrimination Exploitation
• Lack of integration
• Ghettoisation, racism discrimination, shanty
  towns
• Racism e.g. neo Nazism in Germany
• Refugees
• Overpopulation Pressure on Resources
• Housing, education medical services
• Xenophobia, stereotypes

13
Ethnic Issues

• Identity of a minority group, collective
  self-identity in larger population
• Place of birth, language/religion
• Ethnic Cleansing e.g.Muslims in Bosnia-Herzegovina

14
Racial Issues

• Race refers to Biological Inheritance, physical
  characteristics e.g skin colour
• Social segregation ghettos
• Apartheid South Africa
• In 2006 ESRI survey 35 of imigrants had
  experienced harassment in public place
• New National policy of Racism developed to help
  them integrate and be successfull and happy
• France race riots, 2005, carried out by youths
  of North African descent, following accidental
  death of 2 youth being chased by police in
  Clichy-sous-Bois suburb of Paris
• Unemployment higher in migrants, issues over
  housing and lack of opportunities
• Mass rioting affecting 274 towns for 2 weeks
• Integration discrimination, 200m euro in
  damage, 30b euro aid package

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Irish National Policy against Racism

• Full Participation in all areas of life
• Raising awareness
• Provided for by the government
• Included in all areas of economic social life
• Same laws protection as everyone else

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Religous Issues

• Muslim Indians, Pakistan, Plantations of
  Protestants, Northern Ireland
• Irish educational system trusteeship of catholic
  church
• Equal status act 2000
• 60 muli-denominational Educate Together school
• Ireland integrated/melting pot approach
• Britain multicultural/salad bowl approach

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Migration in Europe

• Migration from peripheral regions to core common
• Migrants brought their families, high birth rates
  their numbers increased
• low birth rate of the European core regions
  created a need for their labour
• high oil prices led to a recession (1970s) jobs
  lost, unemployment rose
• 1990snew wave of economic migrants from Eastern
  Europe (fall of the old Soviet Union and very low
  living standards)

18
Ireland and Migration

• Patterns of Migration to Ireland
• 1845 to 1849 Post Famine
• high emigration particularly from rural areas to
  US UK (0ver 1,000,000)
• Reduced Irish birth rates
• Age and sex selective
• The Irish Free State 1922
• 1926 10 employed in manufacturing
• Protectionism
• Emmigration 1950s
• Deep economic recession
• 1961 population 2.82m
• 400,000 emigrated
• Lacked skills education
• Rapid depopulation, social isolation
• High dependency Ratio

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• Economic Prosperity late 1960s 70s
• Taoiseach Sean Lemass
• Programmes for economic expansion
• Foreign investment free trade
• Outward migration declined
• world economic boom
• foreign investment led to jobs in the industrial
  sector eg. Pfisers
• 1966 300 foreign companies
• 1973 Ireland joined the EEC
• Exports grew
• living standards rose by 50
• Inmigration outweighed emigration
• Between 1971-81 population increased by 15.6

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Ireland and Migration

• Patterns of Migration to Ireland
• Recession 1980s
• High unemployment rates
• Economic Refugees
• Government debt and a restructuring of the
  CAPled to a sharp rise in emigration.
• different as it was predominately highly-educated
  people (brain drain of 200,000)
• Manufacturers closed down

21
Celtic Tiger Era 1997-2007

• Net inward migration, highest in 2006
• EU non EU skilled unskilled workers
• New wave of investment high-tech MNCs
• Ireland 1 of EU population, 20 of new inward
  investment in Europe
• In 1996 net inmigration due to demand for labour
  1995-99 second highest rate of net inmigration in
  the world
• 2002 applications for asylum seekers peaked
  11,634 dropped since the EU policy of safe
  country of origin
• removal of the right of automatic residency for
  parents of Irish born children
• Citizenship Referendum removed Irish born child's
  automatic right to citizenship when the parents
  are non- Irish nationals

22
Current Recession

• MNCs shutting down
• Young well educated workforce emigrate
• Governemental debt 38.5b (2005) and 84b (2010)
• Housing market collapse, living costs going up
• 140,000 jobs lost since 2007
• Unemployment 4.2 (2005), 14.3 (2011)
• Inmigration decreased tightened regulations
• Net outward migration

23
Ireland and Migration

• From 2010-return to out-migration
• 2010 net out migration was 34,500 (highest
  recorded since 1989)
• 2009 figure was 65,100 - 18,400 were Irish
  Nationals
• Included both Irish and non Irish nationals
• Inmigration down from 83,800 57,300
• Net outmigration first time since 1995

24
Migration policy in Ireland and the EU

• Migrants from outside the EU have to apply for a
  work permit
• Permits cater for high level skills (IT, science,
  biotechnology etc) crucial to the development of
  the economy
• Attract companies with high valued jobs
• Permit will only be issued if no suitable Irish
  national to fill the position

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Irish Migration Policy

• 2007 stricter laws
• Focus on skills in short supply
• Green card, work permit intra-company permit,
  spousal dependent permits
• Migrant Irish workers same rights
• 5 years permenent citizenship possible
• Asylum seekers cn apply for refugee status
• Irish born children of non nationals their
  parents not automatic citizens

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Four categories of permits

• 1. The Green Card Scheme
• Available for occupants with salaries of over
  60,000 euro
• Jobs in communications, IT, healthcare,
  construction etc
• Issued for two years
• May lead to permanent or long- term residence
• Card holders permitted to bring spouses and
  families

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Four categories of permits

• 2. The Work Permit
• For non-green card occupations in 30,000-60,000
  annual salary range
• Granted for two years
• Can be extended for a further three years

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Four categories of permits

• 3. Intra-Company Transfer Permit
• For trans national senior managers, key personnel
  and trainees
• Multinationals to transfer staff between branches
  on a temporary basis

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Four categories of permits

• 4. New spousal/ Dependant Work Permit
• Allows the spouse and dependents of employment
  permit holders to live in Ireland and apply for
  work permits

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Rights of migrant workers in Ireland

• Same employments rights and protection
• Resident in Ireland for at lest 2 years to be
  eligible of social welfare
• Permits will not be issued for jobs paying below
  minimum wage
• Become an Irish citizen after five years of legal
  residency

31
Rights of asylum seekers/ refugees in Ireland

• 2010 260,730 people sought asylum in Europe
  (2,000 in Ireland)
• Asylum seekers can arrive and apply for refugee
  status
• 2005 966 people granted refugee status in
  Ireland
• Asylum seekers are not permitted to work, set up
  business or leave the state while application is
  being processed
• Entitled to accommodation in specified centres
  across the country
• Receive healthcare, education and welfare support
• If refugee status is not granted, deportation is
  the next step
• Once status granted the person has the same
  rights of any other national

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EU Migration Policy

• Migration needed labour shortages
• Many countries are in stage 4 or 5 of Demographic
  Transition Model
• 1995 Schengen Agreement free movement between
  member states
• EU common laws share immigration between member
  states
• They want to eliminate trafficking of migrants
  8b worth anually
• Prevent readmission of migrants refused in other
  country
• 2000 3 miggrants worldwide, 63 in the North

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EU Migration Policy

• Why is there a need for a migration policy?
• EU countries have different rules. For example
  Ireland and the UK has restricted access to those
  from Bulgaria and Romania
• Some countries receive more migrants than others,
  ie. Italy and Spain have high in-migration from
  Albania and North Africa
• Illegal trafficking of migrant into the EU is
  increasing

34
EU Migration Policy

• Benefits of common migration policy
• A common migration policy would help reduce
  illegal trafficking of vulnerable people from
  outside the EU
• Help to support counties with high in migration
  ie. Spain and Italy
• Processing applications for asylum quicker and
  easier
• Common policy will make easier to obtain permits
  and residency

35
EU Migration Policy

• Problems with a common policy
• Creation of a Fortress Europe migrants unable
  to enter
• Encouragement of an us and them mentality
• Rights of genuine migrants might be restricted
  when faced with strict rigid rules
• Countries might lose sovereignty if more power is
  handed over to EU

36
Fortress Europe

• Xenophobia is the hatred or fear of foreigners
• migration management
• Militarised its borders.
• Created obstacles to migration and asylum.
• Set target-driven deportation programmes.
• Removed the problem of asylum by removing asylum
  seekers altogether.

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Rural Urban migration

• 1900 10 of world population in cities
• 2005 50
• 2075 75 projected

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Impact of rural-urban migration

• Impact of rural to urban migration

Developed world Developing world
Urban sprawl Shanty towns/ favelas
Air pollution Air pollution
Traffic congestion Traffic congestion
Water and air quality Waste disposal
Services under pressure Absence of services
Case study Dublin Case study Sao Paulo,Brasil
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Case Study Ireland

• Impacts on the Rural area
• Rural depopulation
• Reduction in birth rates and marriage rates
• Greying population
• Imbalance in make to female ratio
• Reduction of services
• Amalgamtion of schools, closure of services
• Bitterness and resentment

40
Case study developed world,Dublin

• Reasons for growth (pull factors)
• Centre of government, thousands of jobs
• Main port, source of employment
• Recent centre of financial services
• Major centre of education

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Results of rural-urban migration

• 1. Urban Sprawl
• Dispersed city, growth at the edge of city
• Not developed high rise like other EU cities
• Expansion on edges and other towns greater
  distance away such as Gorey and Navan
• Greater demand on houses result increase (car
  ownership increased)
• House price Dublin 32 more expensive
• Fuelled by in migration form those looking for
  work

42
Results of rural-urban migration

• 2. Traffic Congestion
• Higher employment levels mean more commuters to
  and from Dublin
• High house prices mean people travelling form
  outside the city
• Under developed public transport system, better
  roads encourage people to drive
• Creates congestion
• Transport 21 funds transferred to NDP

43
Results of rural-urban migration

• 3. Services under pressure in dormitory town
  close to Dublin
• Swords, Leixslip and Balbriggan under increasing
  pressure on services from rapidly expanding
  population
• Few services
• Sense of community absent
• Investment is required in education healthcare
  etc
• Finding landfill sites is difficult (demand on
  houses)

44
Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 1. New towns on the edge of Dublin
• 1960s three new towns, Tallaght, Blanchardstown,
  Lucan-Clondalkin
• Housing the over spill population
• Adamstown 4 billion to construct (New Town)
• Services are being put into place unlike towns of
  the 60s
• Retail, commercial and leisure services
• 3 primary schools, 1 secondary school, crèches,
  fire station, 3 major public parks, rail station
  and bus corridor

45
Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 2. National Spatial Strategy (NSS)
• Trying to balance dev. across Ireland to control
  growth in Dublin
• Aims to allow people to live and work locally
• Investing in towns with gateway and hub status
• Receive more investment in jobs and services
• Reduce need for housing in Dublin

46
Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 3. Investment in Transport infrastructure
• NDP National Development Plan
• Transport 21 (2005-2010) plan to develop
  transport services across country
• Investment to improve transport links to rural
  areas, encourage economic dev.
• Reduce rural depopulation and provide more
  balanced economic dev. Of the country

47
Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 4. Use existing land in Dublin carefully
• All derelict, vacant and underused land in the
  city will be identified to allow for
  redevelopment for housing
• Better use of existing housing (shops who have
  unused apartments above them)
• living over the shop scheme encourage more
  people to live in the city and not move to the
  suburbs

48
Rural to Urban Migration Developing world

• Development of mega cities
• 21, e.g. Mexico City
• Countryside overcrowded
• Services more easily available in cities
• Overurbanisation shanty towns develop on cities
  outskirts
• 600m urban inhabitants in these areas
• Infant mortality high

49
Case study Sao Paulo

• Mega city with a population of 20million
• Fourth most populous city in the world
• Most of growth due to the rural to urban migration

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Reasons for growth (pull factors)

• In 1950s and 1960s advertising campaign organised
  in poor rural areas to attract workers
• Health and education services are better than
  rural areas
• Successful migrants encourage family members to
  join them

52
Reasons to leave the countryside(push factors)

• High unemployment rates due to mechanisation of
  farms
• Wealthy landowners take land back from tenants
  (cash crops for exports) leaving ex tenants with
  no income
• Health and education poor/absent
• Periodic droughts in north east Brazil force
  people to leave the land or starve

53
Problems caused by rural to urban migration

• 1. Poor living conditions Growth of favelas
• Shanty towns and overcrowded slums cling to the
  hillside, homes to millions
• 6 of total population or (11.4m), or 25 of Sao
  Paulo population live in favelas which lack clean
  water, electricity, rubbish collection, sewage
  disposal
• risk of disease is high
• Dangerous hillside, flooded often leading to
  landslide
• Many shelters made of wood, risk of fire is high
• High unemployment many working in hidden economy
  ie. shoe shiner, no minimum wages etc
• Over half the economy employed in this sector

54
Problems caused of rural-urban migration

• 2. Traffic congestion
• 1,000 new cars are bought on a daily basis
• City the focus of several state roads
• Large numbers of travellers and cargo pass
  through the city every day
• Average speed in the city is 17km/h
• Increased air pollution

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Problems caused of rural-urban migration

• 3. Pollution
• Air pollution levels are 2nd only to Los Angeles
  due to traffic, domestic, industry and power
  plants
• Land and water pollution from landfill and
  untreated sewage
• High levels of poverty led people to be less
  concerned about unleaded petrol and smokeless
  fuels
• Anti pollution methods are not enforced

56
Problems caused of rural-urban migration

• Lack of employment opportunities
• Unemployment rates very high
• Informal sector/hidden economy half of workforce
• Subsistence lifestyle

57
Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 1. Site and service schemes
• Government provides a site and a small concrete
  hut with basic amenities
• Migrant has ownership rights and is expected to
  finish it at their own expense
• Land and building materials can sometimes be
  provided and built by a group of migrants

58
Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 2. Self help schemes (rehabilitation)
• Residents of the favelas (shanty towns) are given
  materials to improve existing shelters
• Residents set up community schemes to improve
  health and educational services
• Improving access to electricity, water and sewage
  disposal
• Example Monte Azul Favela

59
Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 3. Housing development
• Large areas of shanty towns cleared, tower blocks
  built and residents re housed
• Best known is Cingapura housing Project
• 4. Transport
• Underground metro system improving movement and
  reduces pollution
• New roads, rail and bus services, parts of the
  CBD is pedestrianised
• Parking restrictions in the city are common

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Solving problems of rural-urban migration

• 5. Industrial estates
• New industrial estates with water supplies,
  sewerage systems and electricity supplies are
  built close to the favelas to provide business
  premises and jobs

62
Racial, ethnic and religious issues

• Ethnic group is a group of people of the same
  race or nationality who share a distinctive
  culture
• Newcomers under stress as they try to adapt to
  new language and customs of behaviour and social
  interaction
• Residents may feel swamped by rapid change in
  society
• Opportunity for misunderstanding can be high

63
Racial, ethnic and religious issues

• Integration requires the inward migrants to
  adapt to the culture of the host country (melting
  pot)
• Multiculturalism gives distinct groups equal
  status (salad bowl)

64
Racial, ethnic and religious issues

• 2006 survey reported that 35 of immigrants had
  experienced harassment in public place and public
  transport
• Racism can show itself in society in several
  ways
• Discrimination
• Assaults, threatening behaviour
• Insults and labelling
• Combination of racism with other forms of
  discrimination such as different rates of pay

65
Racial, ethnic and religious issues

• Equality tribunal established in 1999
• Investigate discrimination in the area of
  employment and provision of services in Ireland
• Ireland national policy on racism has 5 aims
• Everyone , regardless of nationality should have
  the right to
• Participate fully in all areas of life. (focusing
  at the political, policy and community level)
• Be recognised for who they are. (focusing on
  awareness in media, arts, sport and tourism)
• Be provided for in government services. (focusing
  on education, healthcare, social services,
  childcare, accommodation and the administration
  of justice)
• Be included in all areas of economic and social
  life. (focusing on employment, workplace and
  poverty)
• Be protected by the same laws as everybody else.
  (focusing on discrimination, assaults,
  threatening behaviour)

66
Racial, ethnic and religious issuesCase Study
Rioting in France

• France has a large migrant population
• Since 1960s migrants attracted by government
  scheme linked to French colonies
• Migrants settled in urban areas ie. Paris, Lyon
  and Marseille
• Often employed in low paid service industry jobs,
  live in poor suburbs
• 2005 serious of riots and violent clashes
  occurred (Oct. and Nov.) mainly involved french
  youths of North African origin

67
Racial, ethnic and religious issues

• Civil unrest triggered by accidental death of two
  teenagers in working class area of
  Clichy-sous-Bois. Triggered pre existing tensions
• Main causes were youth unemployment and lack of
  opportunities in Frances poorest community
• Unemployment rates are 1.5 times higher amongst
  those with foreign origin
• Housing waiting lists and substandard housing
  causing tension
• Protesters maintained the unrest was an
  expression of frustration with high unemployment,
  police harassment and brutality

68
Racial, ethnic and religious issues

• Violence involved burning of cars and buildings
  by youths at night
• Spread to other regions quickly
• State of emergency was declared for 2weeks in
  November 2005
• Summary stats of riots
• Started 27th Oct 2005
• Towns affected 274
• Property damage 8,973 vehicles
• Monetary damage estimated at 200million
• Arrests 2,888

69
Racial, ethnic and religious issues

• French government admitted that the violence was
  a result of the failure to provide opportunities
  to young people within these areas
• 30 billion aid package was announced for the
  riot zones
• Aimed primarily at young people
• Employment agency focusing on 239 hot zones to
  help provide employment to 1.5million people
• Survey found that job applications from people
  with Arab sounding names were rejected five times
  as often than those with French sounding names

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• Urban Expansion
• As cities expand they impact on the surrounding
  rural areas.
• Discuss this statement with reference to
  example(s) that you have studied.
• 30m 2011
• Migration and Ireland
• Examine two major changes in the patterns of
  Irish migration within the last one hundred
• years. 30 marks 2010
• Developing World Cities
• Problems can develop as urban centres expand and
  grow.
• Discuss this statement with reference to one
  developing world city that you have studied.
• 30m 2010