Dissociative Disorders

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Dissociative Disorders
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Dissociative Disorders

• Disorders where people experience a sudden loss
  of memory or a change in identity. Conscious
  awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from
  previous memories, thoughts and feelings.

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Psychogenic Amnesia

• A partial or total forgetting of past
  experiences, without organic cause.
• Usually involves blocking out stressful or
  traumatic events.

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Organic Amnesia

• Results from other medical trauma (e.g. a blow to
  the head, stroke, alcoholism).

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Dissociative Fugue

• An individual in a fugue state is unaware of or
  confused about his identity, and in some cases
  will assume a new identity (although this is the
  exception). Sometimes they will unexpectedly take
  a physical leave of their surroundings and set
  off on a journey of some kind.

• These journeys can last hours, or even several
  days or months.

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Dissociative Fugue

• Individuals experiencing a dissociative fugue
  have traveled over thousands of miles. Traveling
  amnesia.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)

• Used to be known as Multiple Personality
  Disorder.
• Often confused with schizophrenia.
• People with D.I.D. commonly have a history of
  childhood abuse or trauma.
• Unlike schizophrenics, they have 2 or more
  distinct identities, are not psychotic, and have
  severe memory lapses.

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Personality Disorders

• Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving
  that negatively affect peoples ability to
  function socially.
• Dominates their personality.
• DSM-5 (Categorical model)
• Cluster A (odd)
• Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
• Cluster B (dramatic)
• Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
• Cluster C (anxious)
• Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-compulsive

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Characterized by
• paranoia and a
• pervasive, long-standing
• suspiciousness and
• generalized mistrust
• of others.
• Tendency to bear grudges, guarded and suspicious,
  tendency to interpret others' actions as hostile,
  persistent tendency to self-reference, or a
  tenacious sense of personal right.

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Personality Disorder Diagnosis

• An enduring pattern of inner experience and
  behavior that deviates markedly from the
  expectations of the culture of the individual who
  exhibits it.
• Must meet following criteria
• Maladaptive and dysfunctional behavior
• Pervades more than one domain (e.g. home work)
• Personal distress or impact on those around the
  patient
• Stable and long duration (since adolescence)
• Not due to a mental disorder or other organic
  pathology

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

• People with schizoid personality disorder avoid
  relationships and do not show much emotion.

They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not
secretly wish for popularity.
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• Characterized by a need for social isolation, odd
  behavior and thinking, and often unconventional
  beliefs.
• Some believe they have magical powers (ESP).
• Some people believe that schizotypal personality
  disorder is a mild form of schizophrenia.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Lack of empathy.
• Little regard for others feelings.
• View the world as hostile and look out for
  themselves.
• Also known as sociopaths.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

• Characterized by mood instability and poor
  self-image.

People with this disorder are prone to constant
mood swings and bouts of anger.
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Borderline Personality Disorder

• They will take their anger out on themselves,
  causing themselves injury.

Suicidal threats and actions are not uncommon.
They are quick to anger when their expectations
are not met.
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Histrionic Personality Disorder

• Characterized by a pattern of excessive
  emotionality and attention seeking.
• May act silly or dress provocatively.
• These individuals are lively, dramatic,
  enthusiastic, and flirtatious.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Having an inflated sense of self-importance.
• Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
• React to criticism with rage or shame.

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

• A pervasive pattern of social inhibition,
  feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to
  negative evaluation, and avoidance of social
  interaction.
• Ill at ease, anxious, lonely, and generally feel
  unwanted and isolated from others.

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Dependent Personality Disorder

• A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care
  of which leads to submissive and clinging
  behavior and fears of separation.
• Most frequent diagnosed personality disorder.

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Dependent Personality Disorder

• It is characterized by at least 3 of the
  following
• encouraging or allowing others to make most of
  one's important life decisions
• subordination of one's own needs to those of
  others on whom one is dependent, and undue
  compliance with their wishes
• unwillingness to make even reasonable demands on
  the people one depends on
• feeling uncomfortable or helpless when alone,
  because of exaggerated fears of inability to care
  for oneself
• preoccupation with fears of being abandoned by a
  person with whom one has a close relationship,
  and of being left to care for oneself
• limited capacity to make everyday decisions
  without an excessive amount of advice and
  reassurance from others.

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ObsessiveCompulsive Personality Disorder

• Overly concerned with certain thoughts and
  performing certain behaviors.
• Not as extreme as OCD anxiety disorder.

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Passive Aggressive Personality Disorder

• Pervasive pattern of negativistic attitudes and
  passive resistance to demands for adequate
  performance in social and occupational situations
• Indirect expression of hostility, such as through
  procrastination, stubbornness, sullenness, or
  deliberate or repeated failure to accomplish
  requested tasks for which one is (often
  explicitly) responsible.

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Personality Disorders
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Other Disorders

• Paraphilias (i.e. pedophilia, zoophilia,
  fetishism).
• Sadist, masochist and voyeurism.
• Eating Disorders.
• Substance use disorders.
• ADHD.
• Autism.