CELLS

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CELLS
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QSR 2

• 1. The shape of a cell greatly depends on the
  ________ of that cell.
• 2. Use nerve cells and skin cells to explain 1.
• 3. Cells differ in both shape and _____.
• 4. True or falselarger cells are more efficient
  at meeting their own needs than smaller cells.
  EXPLAIN!!!!!!!

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The Discovery of Cells

• Van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to
  observe cells using a simple light microscope
• It had one lens
• Compound light microscopes use a series of lenses
  to magnify objects
• Can magnify up to 1500 times

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The Cell Theory

• Robert Hooke used a compound light microscope to
  study cork, the dead cells of oak bark
• Box-shaped structures
• Called these cells

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Cell Theory (3 parts)

• 1. All organisms are composed of one or more
  cells
• Unicellular bacteria, certain algae and fungi
• multicellular
• 2. The cells are the basic unit of life
• 3. Cells originate from other cells

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2 types of cells

• Prokaryotes
• Lacks internal membrane-bound organelles
• No nucleus
• Most are unicellular
• Bacteria/Blue Green Algae

• Eukaryotes
• Have true membrane bound organelles
• Have nucleus
• Most are multicellular

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Pros/Cons

• Prokaryotes
• Pro Very simple make-up
• Con Non-specialized dont have different
  compartments that can do different things

• Eukaryotes
• Con Complex to build
• Pro Very specialized

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E.COLI BACTERIA--prokaryote
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Eukaryotic Plant Cell
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Liver Cell
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Graded activity

• On a piece of construction paper, draw and label
  the parts to a prokaryotic cell.
• Must include
• 1. color
• 2. all parts labeled
• 3. the functions of each part

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QSR 3

• 1. ________ was the first person to coin the
  term cells after observing _____ cells under a
  compound light microscope.
• 2. Plant and bacterial cells are similar in that
  they both contain a _______ _______.
• 3. List 3 differences between prokaryotic cells
  and eukaryotic cells.
• A._____________________________
• B._____________________________
• C._____________________________

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Cell Membrane

• Also called Plasma membrane
• 1. Separates the cells contents from the
  materials outside the cell
• 2. Regulates what moves into and out of the cell
• 3. Maintains __________________

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Plasma Membrane

• Is Selectively permeable
• Means that it will allow certain materials in
  while others cannot pass
• 2 Types of organic molecules make up the cell
  membrane
• Proteins
• Phospholipids

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• Made of 2 layers of phospholipids
• PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
• Many proteins are located on the membrane
• Integral proteins extend THROUGH the membrane
• Receptor proteins transmit signals across the
  membrane
• Channel proteins form pores that can open and
  close

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A phospholipid

• Has 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate molecule
  head attached to it
• Phosphate
• Head region
• polar
• Fatty acid
• Tail region
• Nonpolar region

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QSR 4

• 1. The cell membrane, also called the ______
  membrane is made of____ layers of phospholipids.
• 2. Draw a phospholipid. (Use these terms to label
  it polar, nonpolar, fatty acid tails, phosphate
  head)
• 3. The _________ region of the membrane loves
  water while the _________ region does not.
• 4. List and explain the 3 types of proteins that
  are found in or along the cell membrane.

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Cell Organelles
http//www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
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Internal Structure

• A. Organelles
• cell organs
• Perform specific functions

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1. Cytoplasm

• Jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the
  cell and holds all the organelles

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2. Nucleus

• Contains a cells DNA or chromosomes
• Only found in EUKARYOTIC cells
• Enclosed in a double membrane a nuclear envelope
• Is filled with pores. Why?________________________
  ____

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3. Nucleolus (concentrated DNA)

• Dense center inside the nucleus
• JOB make ribosomes
• Some ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic
  reticulum (ER)
• Some float around in the cytoplasm
• Ribosomes link together ______ ______s to make
  proteins

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4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• ER thin folds of
• membranes found right outside the
• nucleus
• 4a.Smooth ER contain no ribosomes (has a smooth
  appearance)
• 4b.Rough ER house ribosomes
• The ER makes up a highway for moving material
  throughout the cell

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5. Mitochondria(POWERHOUSE)

• Transfers energy from ORGANIC MOLECULES to ATP
  which supplies the cell with energy!!!
• Bean-shaped
• Makes its own DNA (separate from nuclear DNA)
• 
  

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QSR 7

• 1. List four levels of organization that combine
  to form an organism.
• 2. _________ is a dense area of DNA found inside
  the nucleus in which ________(s) are made.
• 3. Ribosomes are important since they are the
  sites for ___________ synthesis.
• 4. Ribosomes leave the __________ and attach to
  the ____ ____, or the highway of the cell.
• 5. The mitochondria contains its own ________ and
  turns the energy from ________ molecules into
  ________ that will then supply the cell with
  ______.

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6.Golgi Apparatus

• A. Another system of flattened membranous sacs
• B. processes, packages, and stores proteins can
  alter and adjust them if necessary

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7.Vesicles

• little taxis
• Carry molecules where they need to go
• After a protein is made, part of the ER pinches
  off to form a vesicle surrounding the protein
• This is how it gets to the Golgi

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8.Vacuole

• Think Vacuum
• Bigger in plants
• sac for storage mostly water

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9. Lysosomes one type of vesicle

• Contain enzymes clean up crew
• Defend the cell against invading bacteria and
  viruses
• Break down damaged cell parts
• NOT found in plant cells
• (Look at animation under awe sci teachers)

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QSR 9

• 1. What are 2 main purposes for the golgi
  apparatus?
• 2. ___________ are vesicles that repair damaged
  cell parts and keep out invading bacteria and
  viruses.
• 3. Draw a diagram showing how a ribosome gets
  from the nucleus to the golgi.
• 4. The _______ vacuole, located inside plant
  cells, is much larger because ______________.

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10.Cytoskeleton -- Microtubules

• Network of thin tubes and filaments that give
  shape to the cell
• Ex tent poles
• Types
• 1. cilia short, hair-like extensions
• 2. flagella long, whip-like tail used for
  movement
• ONLY FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS

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Organelles for your cell model

• Cytoplasm - icing
• Nucleus Reese cups
• ER rough and smooth twizzlers, nerds on a
  rope
• Ribosomes - nerds
• Golgi Apparatus air heads
• Vesicles skittles, MMs
• Mitochondria Mike n Ikes, hot tamales
• Vacuole (Central Vacuole for plants) air heads
• Lysosomes jelly beans
• cilia and flagella- twizzlers
• Cell Membrane sour straws