SKELETAL SYSTEM

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Casey Ferrara. Alicja Reczynska. Rebecca Chang.

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Composition and Function

• Composed of a network of hard and soft tissues
  including bone, cartilage, ligaments, and
  tendons.
• These tissues form the framework that provides
  structural support to the body and gives it its
  characteristic shape.
• Protects internal organs
• Facilitates movement by providing attachment
  sites for muscles.
• Storage facility for minerals such as calcium
• Forming blood cells
• Maintaining an energy reserve of lipids

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Axial Skeleton

• Bones surrounding the midline (axis of the body)
  forming the head and trunk
• Skull
• Auditory Ossicles (ear bones)
• Hyoid Bone
• Vertebral Column
• Sternum
• Ribs

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• Skull anatomically subdivided into 8 cranial
  bones and 14 facial bones
• Auditory Ossicles - In the middle ear the
  maleus, incus, and stapes
• These tiny bones transmit vibrations from the
  eardrum to the inner ear.
• Hyoid bone- located in the higher part of the
  neck and attaches the muscles of the tongue.

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• Sternum (aka the breastbone) - consists of three
  parts.
• Top Manubrium - Middle Body or Gladiolus
• Bottom Xiphoid Process

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• Ribs 12 pairs
• First 7 pairs are attached to the sternum by
  cartilage (considered true ribs)
• Next 3 pairs are indirectly attached to the
  sternum by the cartilage of the seventh pair (
  called false ribs)
• 2 pairs do not connect to the sternum at all (
  known as the floating ribs)

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• Vertebral Column Protect the spinal cord.
• Provide site attachments for ribs and muscles
• 1st vertebra atlas- moves head forward and back
• 2nd vertebra axis- moves head side to side
• 7 Cervical vertebrae (including the first 2
  specific ones) head movement
• Below the neck are 12 thoracic vertebrae -
  surfaces that join with the ribs
• Below are 5 lumbar vertebrae - support a
  tremendous amount of the body's weight

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• In adults, the five sacral vertebrae are fused
  together to form the sacrum
• The sacrum joins with the pelvic girdle to form
  the pelvis
• The remaining bones make up the coccyx (aka
  tailbone)
• Provides some movement
• Part of the pelvic
• Connected to several muscles and ligaments
• Connects hips

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Two pectoral girdles (shoulders)
• Two pelvic girdles (hips)

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• Bones of the upper and lower extremities.
• Arms
• Legs
• Hands
• Feet

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Long Bones

• General Structure
• Long shaft called diaphysis
• 2 ends called epiphysis
• Examples femur, humerus
• Function as a support for movement
• Contains yellow and red bone marrow which produce
  red blood cells

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Joint Articulation

• Where two bones come together
• Three types
• Immovable Synarthrosis
• thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. E.g.
  Skull
• Amphiarthroses Slightly movable
• hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage E.g.
  Intervertebral disks, ribs

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• Diarthroses - Freely movable joints
• The ends of the opposing bones are covered with
  hyaline cartilage
• Joint cavity
• Dense fibrous joint capsule.
• Ligaments that hold the bones together
• The inner layer is the synovial membrane that
  secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity for
  lubrication.

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Osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis

• What is it?
• Osteoporosis is having a bone density over 25
  less than that of other individuals of the same
  sex, age, and race
• It is a decrease in bone strength and bone mass

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Osteoporosis

• The etiology of osteoporosis is usually
  associated with
• a lack of certain sex hormones in
  menopause/andropause
• Lack of calcium and vitamin D
• Inactivity or lack of exercise

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Causes

• Some see osteoporosis as the result of chronic
  metabolic acidosis, or an excess acid load

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Most at Risk

• Women over fifty, or post-menopausal women are
  the most at risk for contracting osteoporosis
• Asian and Caucasian women are at the most risk

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Diagnosis

• Osteoporosis can be easily diagnosed with a
  routine x-ray
• The American Medical Association, along with The
  National Osteoporosis Foundation now recommend a
  dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to detect
  osteoporosis.
• measures bone density in the hip and the spine.
• 5 to 15 minutes to perform
• very precise

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Symptoms

• Surprisingly, bone loss is often without
  noticeable symptoms.
• People may be unaware that they have fallen
  victim to osteoporosis until they suffer a break
  or fracture from a mild slip or fall

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Symptoms

• As the disease progresses, the symptoms may
  include
• Loss of height (up to six inches)
• Tenderness of bones
• Neck pain
• Back pain
• Abdominal pain
• Rib pain
• toothaches
• Fatigue
• Spinal deformities

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Treatment

• CALCIUM CALCIUM CALCIUM!!!
• Vitamin D supplements are also advisable
• Regular exercise is necessary to keep the bones
  strong and avoid fractures

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Treatments

• However, recent studies show that hormonal
  estrogen supplements increase substantially a
  womans risk for breast cancer, heart disease,
  and stroke
• The risks now outweigh the benefits

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Treatments

• Evista- does not increase risk of cancer.
  However, it does increase blood clots and hot
  flashes
• Actonel- inhibits cells that break down bone.
  Intake must be carefully monitored because it can
  lead to ulcers in the esophagus

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The System Connections
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Skeletal System Connections

• The skeletal system provides the foundation for
  our body ?
• It gives us structure and is our basic framework
  ?
• It also supports other systems, since all of our
  body systems are interrelated and interdependent ?

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Skeletal System Connections

• Our skeleton supports our other systems
• It protects our vital organs
• It provides the attachments for our muscles
  (muscular system)

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Skeletal System Connections

• The calcium released is an essential component of
  the nervous system
• Sensory receptors between the joints provide the
  brain with the necessary positioning information

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ience/Human/Images/humanskel.jpg
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Ossification

• What is it?
• the synthesis of bone from cartilage
• What are the types of ossification?
• Intramembranous ossification
• Endochondral ossification

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Intramembranous Ossification

• Transformation of embryo cells into bone
• Mesenchyme cells from an embryo are turned into
  connective tissue
• Such as the skull

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Endochondral Ossification

• Gradual change of cartilage into bone during
  development
• Regions of bone growth are called ossification
  centers within the cartilage from osteoblasts,
  actively dividing bone forming cells.

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Significance??

• Ossification allows the development of bone
  within the embryo
• One such development is the skull through
  intramembranous ossification
• development of bones, with the use of proteins
  (collagen fibers), calcium carbonate

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Pagets Disease

• What is Pagets disease and who does it affect?
• Disorder relating to the breakdown and formation
  of bones
• causes bones to expand and weaken.
• New bones grow weaker and larger
• Occurs in men and women equally over the age of
  40, rarely diagnosed under though.

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Causes and What Bones Affected..

• Its a mystery!
• Theories include a virus in early development of
  bones as well as genetics
• These are the most common areas that are
  affected
• Arm
• Collar Bone?
• Leg
• Pelvis
• Spine

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Symptoms and Tests

• Bone Pain (may be severe and persistent)
• Bowing of the legs and other visible deformities
• Enlarged head
• Fracture
• Headache
• Hearing loss
• Joint Pain or stiffness
• Neck pain
• Reduced height
• Skull deformities
• TESTS
• Bone Scan
• X-ray

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Pagets - images

• Woman with bowed legs due to Pagets
• This is an image of a healthy bone (top) compared
  to one with Pagets disease.

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So you have itwhat can you do now?

• Drugs help increase bone density
• Biophosphonates
• Calcitonin
• Plicamycin
• In severe cases
• Orthopedic surgery for specific deformities

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Rickets

• What is Rickets?
• Bone disease affecting younger children where
  bones are weak and soft
• Who does it affect?
• Younger children

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Causes

• Lack of dietary calcium.
• Lack of dietary vitamin D.
• Insufficient sunlight exposure.
• Vegetarian diets that arent nutritionally
  balanced.
• Dairy-free or lactose-free diets that arent
  nutritionally balanced.
• Exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D
  supplements for the baby.
• Short bowel syndrome.
• Kidney disorders, renal tubular acidosis.
• Some liver disorders that affect absorption of
  dietary fats.

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Symptoms

• Pain in bones
• Increased risk of broken bones, including
  spontaneous breaks that occur by themselves
  without pressure or trauma.
• Teeth failing to form or being slow to emerge.
• Dental problems deformed teeth or soft tooth
  enamel.
• Deformities of the skeleton bowed legs,
  hunch-back, scoliosis, abnormal skull shape.
• Slowed growth and development.
• Loss of muscle tone and strength.
• Muscle cramps and spasms

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Rickets
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Treatment

• Vitamin D supplements, especially specialized
  ones for those who cannot transform the Vitamin
  into its active from in the body.
• Surgery to fix bone deformities.
• Increase in calcium.

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CONCLUSION

• In conclusion, the skeletal system is the best
  system
• Ever
• ever
• In the universe
• The
• End