Basic Diagnostic Methods in Medicine

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Basic Diagnostic Methods in Medicine

• Ján Jakuš

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Classification

• A. Biochemical Methods-Blood tests, Enzyme tests,
  Mineral content tests, Test for evaluation of
  concentration -Na, K, Ca..., Glucose, Urea, in
  blood plasma, in liquor or in urine....
• B. Physical Methods 1. Mechanical e.g.
  Ausculta-tion, Percussion, Palpation, Blood
  pressure (non-direct) method, Body temperature
  measurement..
• 2.
  Electric ECG, EEG, EMG, ENG, ERG, Audiometry,
  Blood pressure (direct method,) Blood flow, and
  Air flow tests, Chronaxi-metry ...
• 3.
  Electromechanical Spiro-metry, Energymetry,Test
  for sceletal muscle con-tractions, the lenght and
  tonus evaluation...

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• 4. Optic and Optoelectric
  methods Light microscopy, Electron
  microscopy,Ophtalmoscopy, Otoscopy, Bronchoscopy,
  Fiber optics...
• 5. Ultrasound (Dopplers)
  methodsBlood flow test, Sonography,
  Echocardiography...
• 6. X- ray Imagine methods
  Sciascopy, Sciagraphy, Classic Tomography,
  Computer tomo-graphy (CT)...
• 7. Methods of Nuclear
  Medicine Radioi-sotopes , Gammagraphy, Pozitron
  Emmision Tomography (PET)....
• 8. Magnetic scanning
  methods- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Tomography
  (NMRT)
• 9. Combination of methods
  AB and -8

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Mechanical Methods

• Palpation- is a kind of an old, and subjective
  meth-od for evaluation of size and shape of
  organs within a body (e.g. liver, kidney, spleen,
  lymphatic glands, appendix bowel...
• Percussion- this old and subjective method- It
  looks for size and shape of organs and their
  boundaries (e.g. lungs, heart).Doctor uses his
  3rd digit in order to strike the skin above the
  organ. As a result are different kinds of sounds
• Auscultation- old and subjective method looking
  for sounds and murmours determined by stethoscope
• Blood pressure and Temperature measurements(see
  practicals)

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Electrical Methods - ECG,EEG,EMG,ENG

• Electrocardiography (ECG)-method for record of
  heart electric signal from the surface of the
  skin.
• (For explanation of ECG curve and technique of
  re-cording see Practicals and Biophysical
  elixir)
• Electroencphalography (EEG)- a method for record
  -ing of brain electric signal from the scalp.The
  po-int is evaluation of frequency (f) and
  amplitude(A) of waves e.g. in Epilepsy. Waves or
  Rhythms
• Alpha are recorded at rest with closed eylids
  with f 8-13 Hz and A 50 µV.
• Beta when eyelids are open,f 15-20Hz, A 5-10
  µV
• Theta pathology in adults,f 4-7 Hz, A 50 µV
• Delta- at REM Sleep f 1- 4 Hz, A 100 µV

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Electrocardiography

• ECG leads Bipolar I.II.III, CR, Cl, CF
  
• Unipolar VR,VL,VF, aVR, aVL, aVF, V1-V6)
• ECG curve

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Optic and Optoelectric Methods

• Light Microscopy- uses visible light. Microscop
  consists of ocular, objective,condenser, lateral
  and angular drift. Microscop increases the angle
  between two dots, thereby to percieve them as a
  two. Resolution 10-4-10-7 m (1/10 mm- 1/10 nm.
• Electron Microscopy- uses flow of electrons.
  Their source is electron gun., then pass
  through very thin layer of explored tissue and
  finally reach the projective . Picture is
  displayed on monitor. Reso-lution10-6 10-9m
  (from µm to ?m)
• Fiber optics- consists of 130 cm long tube, with
  ca-nals canal for image formation, canal for
  light, , working canal, rinsing canal.Doctor
  looks through an ocular in order to see the image
  of failured organ (e.g.stomach ulcer, tumors,
  etc).

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Light Microscopes
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Electron Microscope
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Fiber Optics
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Ultrasound - Dopplers methods

• The ultrasound (US) is a sound with f gt20kHz
  (MHz)
• Sources piesoelectric crystals, generators of US
• Point US targets body, one part of it is
  absorbed by tissues and another part is refracted
  back to the probe of of the piesocrystal
  (Dopplers effect) Refracted US is named ECHOE
• Rule The higher is US frequency (Mhz), the lower
  is it penetration, but better is a resolution of
  the org-an and vice versa. ECHOES are detected
  by spe-cial sensors and processed and displayed
  on black - white or colour monitor. US methods
  (So-nography, Echocardiography, Angiography) US
  is harmless,safe and very useful non-invasive
  methods. (use in pregnant women )

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Ultrasound methods